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put if it is only for a short duration. In such a case, eco- nomic benefit can be expected. For example, if an RF bat- tery can produce output three times as large as the rating for a very short time, the RF battery’s LFC capacity is 300% compared with the general thermal power generation’s LFC capacity of 5%. This means that even a battery with a markedly small rating has the potential to be applied. 4-4 Overseas developments concerning RF batteries The development of RF batteries initially started at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States and the Electrotechnical Lab. in Japan. Since then, development for its practical use has been accelerated in Japan, exemplified by the research and de- velopment projects led by the Electrotechnical Lab. and NEDO and the joint development projects by electric power companies and manufactures. Recently, because smart-grid technologies are becoming increasingly com- mon worldwide since the introduction of renewable energy in great amounts, energy storage batteries are expected to play a more important role, and hence the development of energy storage batteries is being promoted. RF batteries are no exception. They are attracting public attention anew as large-capacity storage batteries, and their development is being promoted worldwide. The main system of their de- velopment is the V system. The following is an update on their development overseas(44). In Australia, Prof. M. Kazacos developed the V system jointly with V-Fuel Pty Ltd., and further developed the tech- nology realizing the V/Br system, which is higher in energy density(45). In the United States, Deeya Energy, applying NASA’s technologies, developed a few kilowatt-order products using the Fe/Cr system for wireless base stations. Ashlawn Energy, LLC was entrusted by the U.S. Department of En- ergy (DoE) to perform a project, and released the plan of verifying the 1 MW/8 MWh class V system. Primus Power Corp. also received a budget from the DoE, and plans to develop a verification plant of the flow battery of 25 MW/75 MWh using Zn/Cl2 system. In Canada, VRB Power Inc. commercialized a few kilo- watt class V system RF battery system for the use of combi- nation with independent energy supply or renewable energy. The technology was purchased by Prudent Energy Corp. based in China, and its business is promoted to be expanded. Recently, in the United States and in China, the company plans to supply MW class RF battery facilities which will be used with solar power generation and wind power generation. In Europe, an RF battery called Regenesys, which uses the Na/Br system (sodium polysulfide/sodium bromide), was developed on a large scale as a new redox system. How- ever, the development has been discontinued. In Austria, Cellstrom GmbH developed a 10 kW/100 kWh V system RF battery, and has been working for the commercializa- tion in combination with independent power supplies and solar power generation. In the United Kingdom, RE-Fuel technology Ltd. is developing a V system RF battery and has a concept that it is applicable to electric automobiles and their charge stations. In Germany, Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft is researching into non-aqueous electrolyte that is capable of realizing high energy density. In South Africa, CSIR is studying the Cr/Br system. In Asia, Cellennium Company Ltd. is enthusiastically promoting the V system in Thailand. In South Korea, Sam- sung Electronics Co., Ltd. is developing the battery using non-aqueous electrolyte. Extremely enthusiastic develop- ment is observed in China: in 2009, the renewable energy introduction target was drastically raised (solar power 20 GW and wind generation 150 GW in 2020), and with this as an opportunity, the development of energy storage bat- teries is speeding up. As a major development, the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), a major power trans- mission company, plans a verification project, and battery manufacturers are competing in development. As for RF batteries, the previously mentioned Prudent Energy Corp, as well as research institutes, such as the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (DICP)(46), and Chengde Wanlitong Industrial Group, are promoting the development. For zinc/bromine batteries, Australian ZBB Energy Corp. and RedFlow Ltd. and American Premium Power Corp. are committed to their development. Plurion Ltd., a British company, is developing Zn/Ce-system flow batter- ies to realize high energy density. 5. Conclusion In Japan, most RF batteries that have been put into practice use at the sites of consumers comprise several hun- dreds of kilowatts class facilities. In other countries, on the other hand, relatively small systems of a few kilowatts to sev- eral tens of kilowatts have been commonly used for inde- pendent power supplies. The biggest facility among them is the 6 MW facility installed in the wind farm as NEDO’s verification project. In the near future, such applications as smoothing of a larger scale wind power output fluctua- tions or secondary control in the power system are ex- pected. In consideration of these applications, larger- capacity RF batteries will be necessary. Such facilities must be safe, reliable, durable and cost efficient at a level equiv- alent to conventional power systems. We expect that fur- ther development of the RF battery, including system up and improvement of cell materials, will be promoted along with various verification tests by end-users, and that the RF battery will play an important role in the power system in the near future. References (1) L. H. Thaller, “Electrically Rechargeable Redox Flow Cells,” Proc. of the 9th IECEC, P.924 (1974) (2) T. Ise, T. Tanaka, “Advanced Technologies for Electric Energy Stor- age Systems,” CMC books (2006) (3) JESC, “Battery for power storage system,” JEAC 5006-2010 (4) T. Sasaki, T. Shigematsu, “Maintaining Electrical Power Quality using New Energy System -Evaluation for Applying Redox Flow Battery-,” IEEJ Kansai Technical Meeting (2001) (5) N. H. Hagedorn, “NASA Redox Storage System Development Project Final Report,” DOE/NASA/12726-24, NASA TM-83677 (1984) 12 · Redox Flow Battery for Energy StoragePDF Image | Redox Flow Battery for Energy Storage
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