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apparent from Figure 5. Generally speaking, increasing the maximum power results in an efficiency increase over the entire current density range. Keep in mind, however, that the relative contributions of the individual loss mechanisms to the total loss may be signifi- cantly different at peak power than at high efficiency. By varying the temperature and concentration using the same Base Case values for the EPs, we found the OPs that provide the performance we call “Best” and “Worst”, corresponding to highest and lowest peak power density, respectively. Those curves are labeled “Best OPs” and “Worst OPs”, respectively, and occur at 8 ◦Cand 2.3 M for the “Best OPs” and 5 ◦Cand 6 M for the “Worst OPs” (the lowest temperature and highest molarity explored in this study). Figure 5b shows the power density as a function of current density for the same three cases. The model thus predicts more than a factor of two difference in peak power density over a modest temperature and molarity range. Figure 5: (a) Three different modeled cell potentials vs. galvanic current density with the same engineering parameters but different temperatures and concentrations. (b) Cell power densities for the same three cases. For a given current density, the cell operates with a total voltage loss made up of the sum of the individual overpotentials. Figure 6a shows the current density dependence of the fractions of the total loss that each overpotential contributes for the “Best OPs” with the Base Case EPs. Figure 6b shows similar data for a so-called ”More Optimal Case” that we believe represents an ”approximate” practical upper-limit on the the design and operation of an rHCFC (this is discussed in more detail later in the text). From figure 6a we see that the chlorine activation overpotential loss dominates at low current densities, remaining the most important loss until the efficiency drops to about 70%. Because energy storage devices will likely spend most of their time operating at one-way efficiencies higher than 70%, this observation makes η′ the most important loss Cl ′ for a cell with this set of EPs to function as an energy storage device. ηR overtakes ηCl at about 400 mA , and remains the most important loss at high power density until mass cm2 17PDF Image | Regenerative Hydrogen Chlorine Fuel Cell for Grid-Scale
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