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mA , a value which has already been obtained for the hydrogen electrode in a hydrogen- cm2 oxygen fuel cell (12). In light of preliminary indications of fast chlorine kinetics in our laboratory, we assume that the chlorine catalysis will be able to almost catch up to the value for hydrogen in the future, and we set iCl = 400 mA . The thinnest Nafion membrane 0 cm2 that we expect could be employed is about 25 μm, and we set l to this value. We chose a relatively insignificant, but physically obtainable, value of ε at 1 μm. Finally, we set the gas pressures to 5 atm, which approaches chlorine’s vapor pressure of approximately 5.8 atm at standard temperature. The resultant “Best OPs” maximum power from the More Optimal EPs was 5460 mW, which occurred at 28 ◦Cand 2.4 M (see Fig. 10). cm2 More Optimal EPs, Best OPs (a) More Optimal EPs, Best OPs (b) Figure 10: Performance for the “Best OPs” of the More Optimal Case EPs. Dotted lines represent thermodynamic limit and solid black curves represent performance accounting for all four loss mechanisms. (a) Cell potential vs. current density; note that the horizontal scale extends to very large current densities. The arrows identify individual losses from each of the four mechanisms. (b) Galvanic power density corresponding to potentials in (a). Figure 11 shows the cell efficiency versus power density for Base Case EPs and More Optimal Case EPs (both under “Best OP” conditions). The “Best OP” maximum power density for the Base Case EPs was 579 mW , which can be seen in the figure. The curve labeled “More Optimal” is the upper-bound-on-performance case outlined above. The cell efficiency is remarkably higher in both directions, exceeding 90% one- way at a galvanic power density of about 1150 mW, and exceeding 90% one-way at an electrolytic power density of about 1650 mW. Attaining even half of this performance cm2 cm2 would result in a highly efficient storage system with much smaller total cell area, and thus lower costs, than the Base Case. In contrast, the Base Case EPs can reach 90% galvanic efficiency at a power density of only about 100 mW and 90% electrolytic efficiency at cm2 Figure 6b shows that no individual loss completely overwhelms all of the others in about the same current density. the More Optimal case. Both η′ and ηH make up a larger portion of the loss than ηR at Cl 23 cm2PDF Image | Regenerative Hydrogen Chlorine Fuel Cell for Grid-Scale
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