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necessitates physical (e.g., dual media, sediment and carbon filters or low-pressure membranes) and chemical (e.g., coagulant polymer, antiscalant, acid, chlorination/dechlorination) pretreatment steps with variable complexity depending on raw feed water quality.37 A combination of these filters provides a broad spectrum of reduction. The carbon filters remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chlorine (not tolerated by polyamide RO membranes) and other contaminants that give water a bad taste or odor, sediment filter removes dirt, colloidal matter and debris while the RO membranes remove >99.8% of total dissolved solids (TDS).38 The SWRO-PEM coupled system could be located near coastal regions with intense solar irradiation and wind patterns to produce renewable electricity using photovoltaics or wind turbines or even offshore structures if hydrogen supply for shipping for example was desired.. With ample access to seawater such regions are already equipped with large desalination plants, as shown in Figure 4, making it feasible to couple RO technology to PEM water electrolyzers. Not surprising, such locations have also been identified as potential locations for implementation of direct seawater electrolysis if and when the technology can be commercialized in future.19 Figure 4. Global distribution of large desalination plants by capacity, feedwater type and desalination technology. Reproduced with permission from Reference39. 8PDF Image | Seawater Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production
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