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PEM electrolysis plants typically need ~ 10 kg water to produce 1 kg H2, that is total water requirement of 500 m3/day of SWRO water for 50 tons/day H2 PEM plant.2 The breakdown of the daily energy required by a coupled SWRO-PEM process is shown in Figure 5(a), highlighting the low energy (0.1% of total energy) required by SWRO. This is a direct result of the energy intensive water electrolysis process, with ~55.44 kWh energy (including BoP) needed to electrolyze 10 kg water versus only 0.03 kWh to desalinate same amount of water.25, 26, 34 A breakdown of the CAPEX associated with building a SWRO-PEM plant is shown in Figure 5(b). The most comprehensive cost analysis on PEM electrolyzer systems was recently published by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) with the parameters summarized in Table S1.34 For a 50 tons/day H2 plant, the total uninstalled capital costs are ~ 460 $/kW, with approx. 26% costs associated with BoP. At the same time, capital costs for a SWRO plant are dependent on technology, location, environmental regulations and most importantly the plant size.27 For example, a medium size 10 million gallons per day (37,800 m3/day) SWRO plant would cost ~ 80 million $, whereas a smaller plant with 0.5 million gallons per day (1890 m3/day) capacity would cost ~7 million $.40 For our case study, we estimated a direct capital cost of ~1.86 million $ for 500 m3/day SWRO plant. In contrary to the broad-brushed argument by many in literature, this analysis reveals that the CAPEX of the SWRO plant contributed only ~3% of total direct CAPEX required for the coupled process (Figure 5(b)). A breakdown of the OPEX for the coupled SWRO-PEM process is shown in Figure 5(c). The OPEX of PEM systems are dominated by electricity costs due to the energy intensive electrolysis process with other contributions from O&M and stack replacement costs. On the other hand, the typical OPEX for SWRO plants comprises power consumption, membrane replacement, waste stream disposal, chemicals, labor, and O&M cost.33, 41 Assuming an electricity cost of 0.05 $/kWh, the OPEX of SWRO plant represent a small fraction (~0.2%) of the total OPEX for coupled process and is dominated by electricity costs to run the PEM electrolyzer (~95%). To this end, we calculated the levelized cost of H2, which is ~3.81 $/kg without considering SWRO, which marginally increases to ~3.83 $/kg when cost of SWRO water is accounted for (Figure 5(d)). The analysis reveals that the use of SWRO water does not add any significant cost to the H2 produced, due to the low energy, CAPEX and OPEX for SWRO as compared to PEM electrolysis. 9PDF Image | Seawater Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production
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