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52 Khalid et al. / Food Research 5 (Suppl. 1) (2021) 47 - 56 Figure 2. Effect of storage on the chemical and physical properties of the AcEW: a) pH, b) ORP, c) free chlorine, d) total chlo- rine and e) hydrogen peroxide. the reduction rate was inconsistent for each repetition (large error bar). Large error bar indicates the large standard deviation. This might happen because the exposure to the atmosphere during daily measurement might reduce the total and free chlorine content. Every day, the bottle was opened for approximately 5 mins for physical properties measurements. When measurement time took less than 5 mins, the bottles were closed immediately. However, if the measurement time was delayed, the time the AcEW bottles were opened can be more than 5 mins. This mostly happens because the ORP meter takes some time to reach its accurate values. Thus, the exposure to the atmosphere might reduce the chlorine content inside AcEW. On day 7, there was almost no chlorine available in the AcEW. At lower pH of 2.3 to 2.7, the outer membrane of bacteria will break down, allowing hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to enter the inner membrane of the bacteria (Huang et al., 2008). HOCl is one of the most active compounds in chlorine compound. HOCl is highly oxidative and can deactivate the foodborne pathogens. HOCl reacts with DNA, induces the DNA-protein interactions, produces pyrimidine oxidation products and adds chloride to DNA bases (Birben et al., 2012). Thus, it is very important to maintain the chlorine content in AcEW. Figure 2 (e) shows the properties of hydrogen peroxide during the 7 days of storage. The decrement pattern for H2O2 properties is similar to free and total chlorine (Figure 2 (c) and Figure 2 (d) respectively). The H2O2 maintained at 10 mg/L until day 3 and after that, the H2O2 level decreased drastically. On day 7, there were 0, 4 and 1 mg/L H2O2 (1st, 2nd and 3rd repetition, respectively) that were detected in AcEW. Thus, it is very important to minimize the opening time of the bottles during storage. These results have proven that AcEW can be used as a good cleaner (acidic cycle chemicals) and disinfectant chemical as well. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a strong detaching ability and kills bacteria without causing corrosion (Stanga, 2010). H2O2 also does not generate off-odours typical chlorine derivatives such as chlorophenols and chloramines (Stanga, 2010). None of the prior studies has reported the effect of H2O2 content in AcEW. The small size of H2O2 enables it to clean the membrane effectively as it can pass through small filtration membranes and enhances the biofilm removal and disinfection process (Stanga, 2010). By considering the pH, ORP, chlorine content and hydrogen peroxide content, the AcEW was at its best performance for 3 days. 3.6 Storage of alkaline electrolyzed water eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources FULL PAPERPDF Image | Stability of electrolyzed water
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