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Khalid et al. / Food Research 5 (Suppl. 1) (2021) 47 - 56 53 Figure 3. Effect of storage on the chemical and physical properties of a) pH and b) ORP of the AlEW. Figure 3 shows the properties (pH, ORP) of AlEW during the 7 days of storage. Studies on storage of AlEW have not been well conducted as compared to AcEW (; Hsu and Kao, 2004; Ciu et al., 2009; Hsu et al., 2015) as most literature were focusing on the chlorine changes after storage time. Storage might affect the cleaning or removal performance of AlEW. The AlEW contains NaOH which is one of the detergent components used widely for cleaning food equipment surfaces (Walton, 2008; Khalid et al., 2016). The AlEW has the ability to act as NaOH and functions well in cleaning food processing equipment (Wang et al., 2016). The AlEW has been used to replace the alkaline wash in works by Dev et al. (2014) and Wang et al. (2016). AlEW has shown to give the same effect as NaOH during the alkaline wash. Alkaline detergent is good in removing organic soil (fat, protein and carbohydrate). When the fouling deposit is in contact with AlEW, the fouling deposit swell. The removal is easier after the swelling stage (Wang et al., 2016). The cohesive strength between the fouling deposits itself will be lesser and the adhesive strength between the surface and fouling deposit reduces (Liu et al., 2006; Law et al., 2009; Ho et al., 2010), thus, enabling the removal of fouling deposit. The alkaline cleaning step is important to ensure the removal of physical deposit. The remaining fouling deposit might act as a barrier and reduce the disinfection agent performance at the later stage of the disinfection process. Most cleaning chemicals are alkaline in nature. The cleaning removal action (saponification, chelation and dispersion of fouling deposit) occurs effectively at an alkaline pH level. Moreover, alkaline performs best when soil can be hydrolyzed or saponified especially for fat-based fouling deposit such as grease, oils and fats. In this work, the efficiency of AlEW depends on the pH and ORP. Figure 3 shows that the pH of AlEW was stable during 7 days of storage. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can grow optimally at the ORP range of +200 to 800 mV and -700 to +200 mV, respectively. At lower ORP (<-700 mV), the metabolic fluxes and ATP production of bacteria can be modified, which eventually kills the bacteria (Kim et al., 2000; Liao et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2008). Lower ORP (<-700 mV) is non-ideal for microbes’ growth. However, the ORP increased drastically between day 1 and 2. On the first day, the ORP was -829 mV, -831 mV and -837 mV (1st, 2nd and 3rd repetition, respectively). The ORP reduced to 54 mV, -8 mV and -25 mV (1st, 2nd and 3rd repetition, respectively). After that, the ORP of AlEW reached a plateau after day 3. On day 7, the ORP of AlEW were 162 mV, 180 mV and 202 mV (1st, 2nd and 3rd repetition, respectively). Thus, the results have shown that AlEW can be used as alkaline cycle chemicals and disinfectants chemicals. The ORP properties of AlEW are the only antimicrobial properties which reduced drastically during storage. However, since the pH was still high, AlEW can still be effectively used as a disinfection chemical. 4. Conclusion Green cleaners and disinfection deliver environmental benefits and at the same time can create operational cleaning efficiencies which highly benefit the SMEs manufacturers. This paper aimed to identify the potential of EW as green cleaner and disinfectant in SMEs food industry. Based on the impromptu interview with the workers, SME is facing difficulties to implement good cleaning and sanitation process due to the difficulty in selecting cleaning and disinfection chemical, limited knowledge in cleaning and disinfection process, budget constraints and limited storage area. SME manufacturers are facing difficulties to select suitable cleaning and disinfection detergent which suits them in terms of operational cost and storage area. Previous studies on EW show its potential as a green cleaner as it can be generated on-site, takes up less storage area, cheap and does not require wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of storage duration on chemical properties of AcEW and AlEW was studied for 7 days. The chemical properties of EW will be reduced as time increased. It is a common practice to use fresh EW immediately after electrolysis to ensure the chemical properties (pH, ORP, free chlorine, total chlorine and hydrogen peroxide content) of EW are at its maximum. However, the common design of EW generator has a storage tank for EW. The tank is used to maintain a high flow rate of EW supply during the sanitation process. eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources FULL PAPERPDF Image | Stability of electrolyzed water
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