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Chapter 1 Introduction Modern life would be impossible without heterogeneous catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysts are used to reduce the energy required for production of the fertilizers necessary to supply humanity with food, to make cleaner fuel for transportation, and to make emissions less harmful. The heterogeneous catalysts that are used today are applied mainly in thermal processes, where a solid catalyst is used to decrease reaction barriers for chemical reactions. However, heterogeneous elec- trocatalysts are also increasingly important. Electrocatalysts have long been used in chlor-alkali and sodium chlorate production, two inorganic electrosynthesis pro- cesses that have long histories[1]. Electrosynthesis is the usage of electrical energy to produce chemicals. Electrocatalysts are also used in fuel cells, which might be increasingly important in future transportation. The focus of this thesis is on the understanding and improvement of electrocatalysts applied for electrosynthesis, specifically on electrocatalysts used for the anodic processes of chlorine gas and chlorate production, and for the cathodic process of hydrogen evolution. Chlorine is a fundamental building block in modern chemical industry[2]. The world-wide production capacity exceeds 50 million metric tons[3, 4]. Chlorine gas is used in production of most (more than 85%) pharmaceuticals, and is involved in the production of a large part of all other modern chemicals and materials[2, 4]. A few important products that require chlorine gas are shown in Table 1.1. Fur- thermore, chlorine, and its oxide sodium chlorate, have long been used as oxidants for e.g. bleaching fabrics or pulp and paper. Today, bleaching of pulp and paper products is usually performed using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) which is produced us- ing sodium chlorate[5]. This application drives the production of sodium chlorate, which exceeds three million metric tons[6]. Both chlorine gas and sodium chlorate are produced through electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions. A main difference between the processes is the usage of some sort of divider, in chlorine production, between the anode, where chlorides are 1PDF Image | Studies of Electrode Processes in Industrial Electrosynthesis
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