PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 018
Table 6-3. Estimated Energy Use in Manufacture of Chlorine/Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) Co-Products - 1997 Energy Specific Energyd (Btu/lb of Cl2) Average Specificd Energy (Btu/lb of Cl2) Total Industry Use e (1012 Btu) Electricitya 4,353 - 5,561 4,957 128.8 Fuel Oil and LPGb 62 - 112 87 2.3 Natural Gas 1,601 - 2,880 2,240 58.3 Coal and Coke 208 - 374 291 7.6 Otherc 208 - 374 291 7.6 NET PROCESS ENERGY 6,432 - 9,301 7,867 204.5 Electricity Losses 9,039 - 11,547 10,293 267.6 Energy Export 0 0 0.0 TOTAL PROCESS ENERGY 15,471 - 20,848 18,160 472.2 a Does not Include losses incurred during the generation and transmission of electricity. Conversion factor: 3412 Btu/kWh. Based on range of cell currents for diaphragm, mercury, and membrane cells. Includes electricity for brine purification. b Includes ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylenes, and mixtures of these gases. c Includes net purchased steam, and any other energy source not listed (e.g., renewables). d Steam/fuel use estimated based on current distribution of fuels in chemical plants (CMA 1998). Values are based on published fuel use and electricity requirements for diaphragm, mercury, and membrane cell technologies . Includes steam for brine purification and caustic evaporation (Sources: IND CHEM 1990, Brown 1996, Orica 1999, Ayres 1999). e Calculated by multiplying average energy use (Btu/lb) by1997 production values for chlorine (26 billion lbs) (CMA 1998). Note that 1.12 to1.43 lbs of sodium hydroxide are produced for every lb of chlorine. At present, U.S. chlorine production is dominated by the diaphragm cell, and the use of the more energy-intensive mercury cell continues to decline. In Europe, however, production is still dominated by use of the mercury cell, although European manufacturers have committed to build no new mercury cells in the future (Ayres 1997). Energy requirements for the manufacture of sodium carbonate from trona ore are shown in Table 6-4. A large share of the energy consumed is in the form of steam used for vacuum crystallization of the trona solution to produce an initial 30 percent solids solution of sodium carbonate, and for calcining. Electricity is used for dissolution, clarifying, thickening, precipitation, dewatering, and calcining. Overall electricity use for this process is very low, about 127 Btu per pound of solid product. Annual energy use for producing sodium carbonate, however, is considerable–over 80 trillion Btus–due to the large production value of nearly 24 billion pounds annually. 192PDF Image | The Chlor-Alkali Industry
PDF Search Title:
The Chlor-Alkali IndustryOriginal File Name Searched:
profile_chap6.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Power up your energy storage game with Salgenx Salt Water Battery. With its advanced technology, the flow battery provides reliable, scalable, and sustainable energy storage for utility-scale projects. Upgrade to a Salgenx flow battery today and take control of your energy future.
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |