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Membranes 2022, 12, 602 6 of 18 branes; in this case, Nafion®117 and Nafion®911 were used. This type of perfluorinated membranes is replacing separators and diaphragms in aging installations. However, their rather high price hinders their deployment. We have, therefore, chosen two other dense membranes to see their behavior in this type of cell: CMX (Astom, Tokyo, Japan) and AEM type I (Fuji, Tilburg, The Netherlands). For electrochemical experiments, high-purity pellets of sodium chloride (99.99%; AXAL Pro, Paris, France) and 6 M sodium hydroxide solution (VWR, Paris, France) were used. 2.2. Characterization of the BN/PTFE Prepared Membrane Thermal properties, particularly thermal stability of the produced membrane, were operated by thermogravimetric analysis through an analysis of thermogravimetric data (TGA) (LABSYS evo TGA 1150, Lyon, France). The samples were heated at a scanning rate of 10 ◦C/min from room temperature to 750 ◦C in argon atmosphere. Each sample had 5–10 mg. The mechanical properties of the membranes were measured by a bicolumn traction machine (INSTRON 5965, Norwood, MA, USA) and a microcomputer-controlled electronic universal testing machine (MTS) with a test speed of 1 mm/min at room temperature. The sample membrane was cut into small splines of standard size, and the digital calipers instrument was used to measure the average thickness of the samples. The tensile strength and elongation at break were finally obtained through stress–strain curves. The morphology study is important to confirm the homogeneity of polymer blends. The surface morphology of the BN/PTFE samples was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (MERLIN scanning electron microscope by ZEISS associated with a GEMINI II column, Léna, Germany). Before SEM measurements, all of the samples were coated with a thin Pt/Pd layer. Conductivity Km of the membrane is an intrinsic characteristic for membrane separa- tion. It was measured using the standard method as detailed in [24], based on the use of a clip-cell and a thermo-regulated water bath at 25 ± 0.5 ◦C and a CDM92 conductivity meter (Radiometer-Tacussel) operating at 1 kHz AC. The water content (Wc) measurements for some membranes were obtained by im- mersing a sample for 24 h at 25 ◦C in deionized water. The hydrated mass (Wh) is quickly measured after removing or wiping out any remaining surface water with a paper. The dry mass (Wd) is obtained after a drying process at 80 ◦C until the membrane weight becomes stable using a moisture analyzer HB43-S Mettler-Toledo. The WC (%) was found as follows: Wc = Wh − Wd × 100 Wh 2.3. Cell and Device Description Hypochlorites (HOCl and NaOCl) are generated electrochemically using the zero-gap electrolysis cell described in Figure 1, where we distinguish the three compartments; each one is delimited by a seal enclosing a grate. The separation between two compartments is ensured by the membranes (ion-exchange or composite) and metal filters ensuring the homogeneity of the solution flow and the evacuation of the formed gases. The electrodes are placed on both sides of the sandwich, held in contact with the membranes and electrically isolated from the two stainless steel blocks by EPDM pads. The tightness is ensured by a moderate tightening of the whole with eight threaded rods. For simplicity’s sake, the operating principle of this cell is presented in Figure 2. Generally in industrial chlor-alkali advanced processes, the anodes used in membrane cells are commonly made of titanium (Ti) coated with a mixture of different metal oxides, and the cathodes are made of steel or nickel alloy [25]. According to the research context, titanium with a platinum coating Ti/Pt anode and a stainless steel cathode were employed in the electrochemical cell to yield the highest hypochlorite ion production efficiency during the electrolysis process.PDF Image | Zero Gap Electrolysis Cell for Producing Bleach
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