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ll iScience OPEN ACCESS Figure 4. Performance of CIB with different metal anodes Typical galvanostatic charge/discharge curves for (A) tin foil and (B) aluminum foil as negative electrode at 1 A g1 between 0.8 and 3 V of the cell when carbon black was used as the cathode in the fifth cycle. Cycle life diagram of (C) tin foil and (D) aluminum foil as anode of iodide-ion battery. after 1,000 charge-discharge cycles, with a capacity retention of 71%. It can be clearly seen that the battery shows a more stable discharge platform and a higher discharge capacity when zinc foil is used as the anode. Furthermore, the electrochemical performances of other cathodes (carbon nanotubes and graphene) were also investigated. Figure 3C shows the charge-discharge curves of the battery using carbon nanotubes as the cathode. The reversible discharge capacity was 108 mAh g1, and two discharge platforms at around 2.6 V and 2.1 V were observed. The battery delivered a discharge capacity of 108 mAh g1 in the initial cy- cles and retained at 77 mAh g1 after 800 cycles, with a capacity retention of 71.3% (Figure 3G). Most impor- tantly, when graphene was used as cathode, the battery delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 136 mAh g1 (cut off 0.8V) and two discharge plateaus at around 2.6 V and 1.9 V (Figure 3D), and the Zn/C full cell delivered a reversible specific capacity of 95 mAh g1 and a cycling life for up to 2000 cycles (Figure 3H). The superior cycling stability of graphene cathode probably due to graphene has high specific surface area (2,630 m2 g1), which is higher than carbon nanotubes and carbon black and thus provided larger elec- troactive surface area in favor of the symmetrical distribution of the current density more evenly on the elec- trode surface. Furthermore, graphene structure allowed more chlorine ions transfer during battery charge and discharge process and enhanced electrolyte penetration to the electrode surface, resulting in excel- lent long-term stable cycling. With the exception of zinc anode, we studied the cycle life and discharge performance of chlorine ion batteries with other anode materials in the saturated solutions of tetramethylammonium chloride. When tin foil was used as the anode, no discharge platform and a reversible capacity of 48 mAh g1 was retained after 250 cycles as shown in Figures 4A and 4C. From Figures 4B and 4D, when aluminum foil was used as the anode, it can be seen that the battery delivered an operating voltage of about 2.3 V and a discharge capacity of 76 mAh g1 in the initial cycles and retained at 49 mAh g1 after 140 cycles, with a capacity retention of 65%. As shown in Figures 5A and 5B, magnesium foil and lead foil that were applied in previously reported CIBs were used as the anode. It can be seen that even with low current density discharge, there is no discharge platform and the specific capacity is close to zero, indicating metal magnesium and lead foil were not Article 6 iScience 24, 101976, January 22, 2021PDF Image | aqueous chlorine ion battery
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