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iScience ll Article Figure 5. Performance of CIB Typical galvanostatic charge/discharge curves for (A) magnesium foil and (B) nickel foil as negative electrode at 1 A g1. Potential profiles (C) and rate performance (D) of CIB at different current densities in the saturated solutions of tetramethylammonium chloride when carbon black and zinc foil were used as cathode and anode, respectively. suitable for this electrochemical system. In short, although the cycling life of battery when tin foil and aluminum foil are used as negative electrodes is lower than the life of battery when zinc foil is used as nega- tive electrode, it is still higher than previously reported CIBs. This result shows that a significant advantage of this new type of chloride ion battery is the possible use of abundant materials (Zn, Sn, and Al) as anodes. Figures 5C and 5D shows the discharge/charge profiles of carbon black/Zn electrode at various current densities. The discharge capacities of 102 mAh g1, 97 mAh g1, and 92 mAh g1 were obtained at 0.2 A g1, 0.5 A g1, and 1 A g1, respectively. These results demonstrate that the cell is capable of deliv- ering a high rate capacity and decent cycling stability. Further, we studied the impact of different current collectors on battery performance. Figure 6A shows the charge-discharge voltage profiles when the stainless-steel foil is used as the current collector. The discharge capacity of the battery decreased sharply in the first thirty cycles; at the same time, the discharge platform of the battery decreased below 1V, showing an unstable state of the battery. When a chromium sheet was used as the current collector (Figure 6B), the discharge capacity of the battery has basically not decayed in the first thirty cycles, but its discharge platform is unstable. When nickel mesh is used as the current collector (Figure 6C), the battery maintains a stable state no matter what the charge-discharge plat- form or discharge capacity of the battery is. And when the graphite foil was used as the current collector (Figure 6D), the charge-discharge voltages and discharge platforms of the battery are in a best state compared with other current collectors. Therefore, graphite foil is the most ideal cathode substrate for chloride ion batteries. We performed transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) experiments to characterize the microstructures of the graphene electrode after charging. The TEM images of the electrode are shown in Figure 7. From Fig- ures 7A–7C, it can be clearly seen that there is a wrinkled structure in the edge layer of graphene, which may be caused by the absorption of chloride ions. Moreover, the lattice fringes on the surface of the graphene can be clearly observed in Figure 7D, where the lattice spacing of 0.326 nm (Figure 7F) and 0.35 nm OPEN ACCESS iScience 24, 101976, January 22, 2021 7PDF Image | aqueous chlorine ion battery
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