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iScience ll Article Figure 7. Microstructure characterization of graphene after the battery fully charged (A–C) TEM morphology images of graphene with differentscale bars. (A) 500 nm; (B) 100 nm; (C) 50 nm. (D) HRTEM images of graphene. (E) The HRTEM image of graphene, the spacing between the lattice fringe is 0.35 nm. (F) The HRTEM image of graphene, the spacing between the lattice fringe is 0.326 nm.(G) EDS images. this difference to the effect of Cl. The Cl ions deintercalate from the graphene to metal anode during the discharging process, contributing to the defect degree of the graphene increase. Although the migration of chloride ions in the carbon cathode was confirmed by the analysis of FT-IR and XRD, zinc ion transfer in the CIB is not precluded owing to the zinc metal that was used as the anode, in which the electrochemical reaction mechanism also needs further explanation. Figures 9 and 10 show the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum for the carbon cathode, zinc anode, and electrolyte of the battery. The XPS spectrum of the cycled carbon black cathode is shown in Figures 9A–9D. Figure 9A shows the existence of Cl 2p, C1s, and O1s. As shown in Figure 9B, two peaks were observed in the Cl 2P region with binding energies of 197.8 eV and 196.2 eV, respectively, corresponding to Cl (Zhao et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2017). As showed in Figure 9C, the peaks of 284.5, 285.3, and 285.8 eV can be attributed to C=C, C-C, and C-Cl, respectively (Okpalugo et al., 2005; Golczak et al., 2008). The two peaks of Cl 2p and C-Cl indicated that Cl ions are inserted into the carbon and sufficiently combined with it in the charging pro- cess. In addition, the spectrum of O 1s is shown in Figure 9D. The peak of 531.3eV and 532.3eV can be attributed to C=O and indicates that carbon atoms form new chemical bonds during charging. After discharge, the XPS spectrum of zinc anode is shown in Figure 10A. The peaks of Cl 2p at 198 (Cl 2p1/2) and 196.35 eV (Cl 2p3/2) can be clearly observed (Figure 10C). Those values are close to the binding OPEN ACCESS iScience 24, 101976, January 22, 2021 9PDF Image | aqueous chlorine ion battery
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