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iScience ll Article Figure 10. XPS spectra of Zn-anode surface and electrolyte (A–C) (A) The survey XPS spectrum of zinc anode and the spectrum of (B) Cl 2p and (C) Zn2p when the battery was fully discharged. (D) XPS region spectra of electrolyte. the zinc ion transfer is not included during the charge and discharge process. These results confirm the reversible transfer of chloride ions in the cathode and anode; zinc and chloride ions are bound together by intermolecular forces during discharging rather than dissolve/deposit in electrolyte. Figures 11A and 11B show the XPS spectrum of zinc anode when the battery was fully charged. Figure 11A shows the existence of Zn 2p, C1s, and O1s. As shown in Figure 11B, two peaks were observed in the Zn 2P region with binding energies of 1,021.4 eV and 1,044.4 eV (Biesinger et al., 2010), respectively, correspond- ing to pure Zn. As shown in Figure 11C, after the discharge, the emergence of the Cl 2p peak doublet at 198 (Cl 2p3/2) and 196.35 eV (Cl 2p3/2) occurred. However, the chlorine element disappeared when the battery was fully charged, showing the chlorine transfer zinc anode to cathode during charging progress. The re- sults of XPS show that Cl ions migrated to the zinc surface during the discharge process, but it is uncertain whether chemical bonds are formed. Therefore, we studied the XRD spectra of zinc anode when the CIB is fully charged and discharged (Figure 11D). Both charged and discharged, eight drum peaks of pure Zn at 2q = 36.28, 38.9, 43.2, 54.31, 70.63, 77.04, 82.04, and 86.53 can be clearly observed and correspond to the (002), (100), (101), (102), (110), (004), (112), and (201) directions of the Zn structure, respectively, and no new peaks were observed, confirming that zinc and Cl ions do not form a chemical bond; they are com- bined with electrostatic attraction during the battery discharge process. Conclusion In summary, we proposed a CIB based on a carbon cathode, a metal anode, and the ‘‘water-in-salt’’ elec- trolyte. The significance of this work proposes new chloride ion storage electrode materials, finding a safe, economical, and high stability electrolyte that widens the electrochemical window of chloride ion aqueous electrolytes to 3.1 V, highly improving the cycle life compared to traditional CIBs. Through the application for battery testing, the graphene electrode delivers a stable capacity of 136 mAh g1 (cut off 0.8V), and the cycle life can be up to 2000 cycles. Reversibility of chlorine ions absorption/desorption was confirmed by OPEN ACCESS iScience 24, 101976, January 22, 2021 11PDF Image | aqueous chlorine ion battery
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