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CHLORINE BASICS 37 There is also a possibility of brittle fracturing in certain chlorine processing equipment and storage tanks. Where this is the case, a type of steel should be used that can withstand the lowest temperatures possible in the process. 8.3.4 Alternative Materials Several chemicals are normally involved in the manufacture of chlorine, including hydrogen, sulfuric acid, mercury, certain salts, oxygen and various products of their reaction with chlorine. Materials of construction should be selected to guard against these corrosive or hazardous materials that are present in the manufacturing process. 8.4 VAPORIZERS High capacity chlorine gas feed systems may need a chlorine vaporizer (evaporator). Vaporizers are designed to convert liquid chlorine into chlorine gas. Steam or hot water jackets are used to provide the heat needed for vaporization. Temperature control is critical. Pressure relief through the use of a safety valve with a rupture disk is required for vaporizers. Careful attention must be given to the design and operation of such systems. Maintaining a heat source below 250°F (121°C) to avoid possible steel/chlorine reactions, controlling NCl3 levels and monitoring condensate for chlorine leakage are examples of some prudent operating discipline steps that should be taken. Periodic cleaning is necessary and the manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed. See CI Pamphlet 9 (11.1) for more detailed information on vaporizer operation & design. 8.5 SUPPORT EQUIPMENT 8.5.1 General Equipment used in chlorine must be designed either for dry chlorine or wet chlorine applications so that proper materials of construction are selected. Most equipment used in chlorine service is built to a specific design code or regulation. Such codes or regulations include ANSI, API, ASME and TEMA standards and OSHA regulations. See CI Pamphlet 5 (11.1). 8.5.2 Vessels Materials of construction for vessels used in wet chlorine applications include certain plastic-lined or rubber-lined steel, reinforced polyesters, and titanium. Vessels used in dry chlorine service are usually carbon steel. The minimum fabrication standard for metal vessels operating at greater than 15 psig is that given in the ASME Code (Reference 11.5.1) for pressure vessels. Vessels operating at less than 15 psig have no ASME code requirements, but should be designed according to manufacturer’s specification. Vessels in vacuum service require special designs to prevent collapse. 8.5.3 Heat Exchangers Heat exchangers should be designed and fabricated in accordance with the TEMA Standard and proper ASME material classifications and codes. Titanium is usually the choice for wet chlorine, and carbon steel is normally used for dry chlorine.PDF Image | Chlorine Basics 8
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