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Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org The salt solution ( brine ) is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the caustic alkali is produced and the brine is partially depleted. As a result, diaphragm methods produce alkali that is quite dilute ( about 12 % ) and of lower purity than do mercury cell methods. But diaphragm cells are not burdened with the problem of preventing mercury discharge into the environment. They also operate at a lower voltage, resulting in an energy savings over the mercury cell method , but large amounts of steam are required if the caustic has to be evaporated to the commercial concentration of 50 %. Membrane cell electrolysis : Development of this technology began in the 1970s. The electrolysis cell is divided into two "rooms" by a cation permeable membrane acting as an ion exchanger. Saturated sodium ( or potassium ) chloride solution is passed through the anode compartment, leaving at a lower concentration . Sodium ( or potassium ) hydroxide solution is circulated through the cathode compartment, exiting at a higher concentration. A portion of the concentrated sodium hydroxide solution leaving the cell is diverted as product, while the remainder is diluted with deionized water and passed through the electrolysis apparatus again. This method is more efficient than the diaphragm cell and produces very pure sodium ( or potassium ) hydroxide at about 32 % concentration, but requires very pure brine . Other electrolytic processes : Although a much lower production scale is involved, electrolytic diaphragm and membrane technologies are also used industrially to recover chlorine from hydrochloric acid solutions, producing hydrogen ( but no caustic alkali ) as a co - product. 8PDF Image | Chlorine Characteristics
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