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Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org to produce chlorine on an industrial scale.The" rocking " cells used have been improved over the years. Today, in the "primary cell", titanium anodes ( formerly graphite ones ) are placed in a sodium ( or potassium ) chloride solution flowing over a liquid mercury cathode. When a potential difference is applied and current flows, chlorine is released at the titanium anode and sodium ( or potassium ) dissolves in the mercury cathode forming an amalgam. This flows continuously into a separate reactor ( " denuder " or " secondary cell " ) , where it is usually converted back to mercury by reaction with water, producing hydrogen and sodium ( or potassium ) hydroxide at a commercially useful concentration ( 50 % by weight ) . The mercury is then recycled to the primary cell . The mercury process is the least energy - efficient of the three main technologies ( mercury , diaphragm and membrane ) and there are also concerns about mercury emissions . It is estimated that there are still around 100 mercury-cell plants operating worldwide. In Japan, mercury - based chloralkali production was virtually phased out by 1987 ( except for the last two potassium chloride units shut down in 2003 ) . In the United States, there will be only five mercury plants remaining in operation by the end of 2008. In Europe, mercury cells accounted for 43 % of capacity in 2006 and Western European producers have committed to closing or converting all remaining chloralkali mercury plants by 2020 . Diaphragm cell electrolysis : In diaphragm cell electrolysis, an asbestos (or polymer – fiber ) diaphragm separates a cathode and an anode, preventing the chlorine forming at the anode from re - mixing with the sodium hydroxide and the hydrogen formed at the cathode.[20] This technology was also developed at the end of the nineteenth century. There are several variants of this process: the Le Sueur cell ( 1893 ), the Hargreaves- Bird cell ( 1901 ) , the Gibbs cell ( 1908 ) , and the Townsend cell ( 1904 ) . The cells vary in construction and placement of the diaphragm, with some having the diaphragm in direct contact with the cathode . 7PDF Image | Chlorine Characteristics
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