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Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org 5 . Production Hydro chloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Hydrogen chloride can be generated in many ways, and thus several precursors to hydro chloric acid exist. The large - scale production of hydro chloric acid is almost always integrated with the industrial scale production of other chemicals . 5 . 1 . Industrial market Hydrochloric acid is produced in solutions up to 38 % HCl ( concentrated grade ). Higher concentrations up to just over 40 % are chemically possible, but the evaporation rate is then so high that storage and handling need extra precautions, such as pressure and low temperature. Bulk industrial-grade is therefore 30 % to 34 %, optimized for effective transport and limited product loss by HCl vapors. Solutions for household purposes in the US, mostly cleaning, are typically 10 % to 12 %, with strong recommendations to dilute before use. In the United Kingdom, where it is sold as " Spirits of Salt " for domestic cleaning, the potency is the same as the US industrial grade . Major producers worldwide include Dow Chemical at 2 million metric tones annually ( 2 Mt / year ) , calculated as HCl gas, and FMC, Georgia Gulf Corporation, Tosoh Corporation, Akzo Nobel , and Tessenderlo at 0.5 to 1.5 Mt / year each. Total world production, for comparison purposes expressed as HCl, is estimated at 20 Mt / year, with 3 Mt / year from direct synthesis, and the rest as secondary product from organic and similar syntheses. By far, most hydro chloric acid is consumed captively by the producer. The open world market size is estimated at 5 Mt/year . 6 . Applications Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes. The application often determines the required product quality . 28PDF Image | Chlorine Characteristics
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