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hydrogen chlorine -+ brine NaCl+NaOH Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a diaphragm cell. From an operational viewpoint, the brine used in diaphragm cells must be carefully purified. It is especially important that the concentrations of Mg++ and Ca++ ions are minimised because the presence of sodium hydroxide will cause these two impurities to precipitate. This often occurs in the diaphragm itself and blocks the pores. In modern diaphragm cells the diaphragm is usually made of asbestos, the cathode is usually a steel wire mesh and the anodes are usually titanium. The diaphragm will usually last 3 to 4 months before it needs replacement. The membrane cell is based on the same principle as the diaphragm cell but the membrane is usually based on cellulosic fibres. One of the main commercial disadvantages of the diaphragm cell is the production of a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide rather than pure sodium hydroxide. This problem is overcome in the mercury cell (sometimes called the amalgam cell) illustrated schematically in Figure 3. This cell relies on the property of mercury, a liquid at room temperatures, to dissolve sodium metal to form an amalgam which remains liquid until the sodium concentration reaches 2.5wt%. In the mercury cell, mercury flows slowly across the steel base of the cell and electrical contact is made through the base. A stream of clean mercury is fed in at one end of the cell and liquid amalgam is extracted at the other. Similarly, saturated brine is fed into one end of the cell and depleted brine is extracted at the other; this maintains a constant concentration of brine within the cell. This type of cell requires to additional external facilities; some means of decomposing the amalgam and some means of regenerating the brine. cl2 6PDF Image | CHLORINE Euro Eco Profile
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