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unattended24-hourcyclingbegan. Twoandahalf-daysofattendedcyclingpreceded the unattended cycling to ensure that the system would control properly in the continuous cycling mode. The three cycles that preceded cycle number 58 illustrated that the cycle control of the system was working properly. Once established that it could control continuous cycling, the system was allowed to cycle without moni toring. The average energy efficiency of cycles 55-100 was 64.5% with a standard deviation of 1.3%. The standard deviation of the preceding 54 cycles was 2.0. By this and also by visual inspection of Figure 25-7, it can be seen that the automation of the system produced more consistent levels of battery performance (usable coulombic efficiency and voltaic efficiency). The two cycle failures experienced were both maintenance related (Table 25-2). The interfacing of the system to a microprocessor-based control unit and the few cycling failures resulted in dramatically increasing the number of cycles run per month as depicted in Figure 25-8. Each plateau on Figure 25-8 signifies when the system was not running, whereas a steady upward climb signifies continuous cycling. The plateau at cycle number 55 was related to control debugging. The previous 54 cycles took almost five months to complete. These 46 cycles took only 1.5 months. There were two electrolyte changes. The first was after 46 cycles (55-90) in order to test a new electrolyte composition. The second after eight cycles (91-98) was caused by a leaking seal on the main electrolyte pump. Cycles 101-200 The average energy efficiency of these cycles was 65.3%. The standard deviation was 0.8%. By visual inspection of Figure 25-7, it is evident that the efficiencies have remained quite consistent. There were 15 failures during these 100 cycles (Table 25-2). Ten of these could be classified as routine auxiliary (maintenance type) problems. Three failures were attributable to the coolant bath not working properly. This problem was solved by putting a new coolant bath unit in place of the old one. One failure was due to a fluid exchange between the store and battery. The cause of this isolated failure was then unknown, therefore no attempt was made to prevent its reoccurrence. Another failure was due to the controller losing power to memory and shutting down the system. 25-11PDF Image | Development of the Zinc-Chlorine Battery for Utility
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