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electrolyte. This third material is believed to be a partially oxidized, relatively low molecular weight substance. It has been observed when batteries have been operated at high pH's for extended time periods. It also has been observed during alkaline cleaning of some poorly performing test cells. All three of these products are formed during electrode activation whether by electrolysis or hot nitric acid treatment. To evaluate activation by-products, two normally operating cells in the development lab were activated by electrolysis. After electrolysis, the cells were incompletely washed and filled with a standard battery electrolyte at a pH = 0.14. The test .. ........ ....... ............... ........ 9 ... cells were then charged at a current density of 30 mA/cm at 40°C. After 1.5 hours of charging, gas samples were found to contain 17% hydrogen and 36% hydrogen, respectively. Following this test, an exhaustive series of washing techniques followed in an attempt to restore the cells to their original behavior. These techniques included extensive dilute NaOH washings, acid washings, water washings, and caustic electrolysis; all followed by battery operation and evaluation of and CO^. This extensive testing was performed at 50°C and, although cell performance improved, hydrogen evolution rates were unacceptable. Further testing included measuring the carbon dioxide evolution rate as a function of temperature. The results are given in Table 37-7. Based on these results, a decision was made to lower the battery temperature to less than 40°C. Washing and continued operation of the batteries at lower temperatures resulted in a rapid disappearance of the high hydrogen evolution. After the performance of the cells had returned to normal, another test was designed to evaluate the effects of pH on cell performance. In this test three cells were used: two of the cells acting as controls and one cell for the experiment. The electrolyte for the test was a 3-molar zinc chloride solution containing potassium chloride. The pH of the control electrolytes was adjusted to near zero, while the pH of the test cell was adjusted to one. During the charge cycle, gas samples were analyzed periodically to determine the hydrogen and carbon dioxide evolution rates. These results are shown in Table 37-8. 37-14PDF Image | Development of the Zinc-Chlorine Battery for Utility
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