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lOOMWh ZINC-CHLORINE PEAK-SHAVING BATTERY PLANTS Charles J. Warde, Philip C. Symons, Curtis C. Whittlesey, and Henry A. Catherino Energy Development Associates A Gulf + Western Company Madison Heights, Michigan 48071 ABSTRACT Energy storage in cost-effective high-effi- ciency battery plants would provide an attractive means for the electric-utility industry to con servenaturalgasandoil. Theseplantssizedin the 20-200MWh range would be located at substa tions in the utility subtransmission or distribu tion network. Energy Development Associates (EDA) has prepared three conceptual designs of a lOOMWh zinc-chlorine battery plant for this application. The three designs, designated Marks 2, 3, and 4, were analyzed from the standpoints of cost, effi ciency, land usage, safety, and environmental im pact. All of the designs could meet the criteria for commercialization. Mark 4, based on the use of a 58kWh battery module, was found to be opti mal in the areas of performance, safety, and manu facturability, while comparing favorably in cost and reliability to Marks 2 and 3. EDA has built and tested the prototype Mark 4 module, and will place a 4.8MWh battery system based on this design in the Battery Energy Storage Test (BEST) Facility during 1980. IN ORDER TO SERVE THE NEEDS OF THE ELECTRIC-UTILITY INDUSTRY, zinc-chlorine peak-shaving battery plants will be located in the subtransmission or distri butionnetwork. Thebatteryplantswillbesized, generally in the 20-200MWh range, to meet the peak ing needs of a specific industrial, commercial, or residentialmarket. AlOOMWhbatteryplant,which would serve the peaking requirements of a town of 60,000 people, is considered to be a typical size. The zinc-chlorine battery system is based on the use of an aqueous zinc-chloride electrolyte in the temperature range 10-50°C.(1)* Chlorine, evolved during battery charging is stored as solid chlorine hydrate, external to the cell. Thus, it is possible to have a single chlorine-hydrate store for a lOOMWh battery plant. During discharge of the battery, chlorine-saturated electrolyte must be delivered, by pumping, to every cell. A stack module - defined as an integral hydraulic unit with its own electrolyte pump - can be as small as a singlecell. Themorecomplexstackmustbefac tory-assembled. Accordingly, the stack-module dim ensions cannot exceed 40ft (length), by 8ft (width), by 10ft (height), i.e. the maximum size of package transportable by road without special permit. In order for a lOOMWh battery plant to be ac ceptable to the electric-utility industry, the following criteria must be met:(2) • Installed Cost: $25/kWh + $75/kW (1977 $) 0 Overall Plant Efficiency: 65%+ • Footprint: SkWh/ft^ • MaximumHeight: 20ft • Minimum Siting Restrictions There is the usual trade-off between cost and effi ciency. Efficiencieslessthan65%maybeaccepta ble provided the installed cost drops accordingly. This efficiency includes the penalties associated with rectification and inversion. The footprint criterion allows a lOOMWh plant to be located on a half-acre site at a utility substation. The bat tery components of the plant would occupy approxi mately a quarter-acre. Observation of a maximum height criterion of twenty feet will minimize prob lems associated with siting of the plant. The en vironmental intrusion of the plant under normal and abnormal circumstances must be minimal to allow un restricted siting. To minimize 0 & M costs, the plant must operate unattended. Thus, the stored energy would be dispatched from a central location. The lOOMWh plant should be capable of being dis charged for 5 hours at 20MW and charged over a period of 5 to 7 hours. Charging and discharging of the battery in shorter time periods should also be possible. The practicality of accomplishing this will be predetermined by the rating of the power-conditioning subsystem in the battery plant. EDA has prepared three conceptual designs for lOOMWh zinc-chlorine battery plants as part of the joint EPRI-EDA program to develop this battery for the peak-shaving application. The Mark 2 design was completed in early 1976. Exposure of this de sign to electric-utility, EPRI, and ERDA (DoE) representatives and to a detailed and critical review within EDA led to the evolution of the Mark 3 design in late 1976. A similar analysis of the Mark 3 design and a realization of its limitations led to conception of the Mark 4 design in March/ April 1977. These designs are described in the next three sections. The discussion section follows in which a comparison of the designs is presented, and the technical status of the joint EPRI-EDA program is briefly reviewed. *Numbers in parentheses designate References at end of paper.PDF Image | Development of the Zinc-Chlorine Battery for Utility
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