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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION 115 For the production of sodium hypochlorite the non-diaphragm process has been considered best because it dispenses with the destructible dia- phragms and thelossofenergy that alsuch diaphragms occasion. As previously stated the hypochlorite cels differ only in matters of construction and may be described as follows: The bath is divided into compartments by numerous electrodes with small spaces between them, through which the salt solution is made to circulate. Eachsetoftwoelectrodesbecomesacel,andthevatabattery ofcels. Byadoptingthischamberarrangementormultipolarelectrode arrangement, hypochlorite electrolyzers can be built to utilize almost any current conditions that are available. For instance, if a dynamo of 220 volts and 25 amperes is at one's disposal 50 electrode plates can be employed,forming49cels. Ineachceltherewillbeatensionof4.5 voltsandacurrentof25ampereswillpass;thustheactionofacurrentof 4.5 volts and 1225 amperes will be attained. When a direct current of electricity is passed through a solution of sodium chloride, sodium is liberated at one pole and chlorine at the other. Theliberatedsodiumreactsonthewaterbreakingitupinto hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to form sodium hydrate. The sodium hydrate in turn combines with the chlorine to form sodium-hypochlorite. (Na 0 Cl.) Therearehowever,many sidereactionstakingplaceandwhatactually happens in the electrolytic production of sodium hypochlorite solutions isaboutasfollows: First, electrolysis of sodium chloride with formation of sodium- hydrate,hydrogenandchlorine. Second,formationofsodiumhypoch- lorite,byactionofchlorineonsodiumhydrate. Third,formationof sodiumchloratebyoxidationofsodiumhypochlorite. Fourth,elec- trolysis of sodium hypochlorite and chlorate as soon as they begin to be presentinappreciableamounts. Fifth,thereductionofthesodium hypochloritebytheactionofhydrogenproducedatthecathode. Here we have the electrical energy impressed on the electrolyte firstcon- sumed in oxidizing chloride to hypochlorite and subsequently reducing it again to chloride, the net result being the conversion of electrical energy intoheat,heatfavoringtheformationofchlorates. The side reactions make it dificult to build high current eficiency cels. Two methods have been suggested for preventing the oxidation of the hypochlorite to chlorate. First, by keeping the electrolyte at a very low temperature.PDF Image | ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
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