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116 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION Second, Lunge* has suggested that enough sodium, calcium or mag- nesium hydrate be added to absorb and utilize the excess chlorine usually found in electrolyzed salt solutions, since the presence of free chlorine is favorable to the conversion of hypochlorite to chlorate. A methodforcheckingthereducingactionofhydrogenonthehypo- chloriteisdescribedinanEnglishpatent. Theelectrolyteismadeby adding to every 14 liters of 10% salt solution, 40 grams of calcium chloride, 30 grams of lime and 50 cc. of a strong solution of resin in caustic soda. In this way, a film, probably calcium resinate, is formed on the cathode and hinders the hydrogen from acting on the hypochlorite. In the electrolytic dissociation of sodium chloride there is a definite minimum voltage required for carrying out the reaction, and this voltage figured according to the thermochemical equation is computed, to be 2.3 volts, but Lunget has shown that in the production of sodium hypo- chlorite where the chlorine formed at the anode combines with the sodiutm hydrate formed at the cathode, the calculation is different and the mini- mum theoreticalvoltagerequiredtocarryoutthereactionis3.54volts. Taling this minimum theoretical voltage required to bring about the desiredreactions,onekilowattgives282amperes. Oneamperehouris theoretically capable of producing 1.32 grams of chlorine, so that 14 kilowatt hours are necessary to produce one pound of available chlorine. This represents a process of 100% efficiency on both current and energy basis. Onepoundofavailablechlorinerepresentsthedissociationof 1.6poundsofsalt. (NaCl.) Placing a value of two cents per kilowatt hour on the current, and assumingthecostofsalttobethreepoundsforonecent,thecostofone pound of available chlorine would be a litle more than three cents. One pound of available chlorine as bleaching powder costs in the market from 3.5 to 4 cents. The electrolyzers that have already received industrial trial have shown very low eficiencies. RoscoeandLuntIdiscussindetailtheresultsobtainedbyelectrolyzers that had received industrial trials up to 1895. Accordingtotheirfigures: TheCorbin celshowedanenergyefficiencyof21% TheHermite" " " " " 23% TheKellner " " " " " 25% TheWoolf " " " " " 31.5%o The Vogelsang " " c 35.5% * Journl Soc. of Chemical Industry. 1885, page 722. tSulphuricAcidandAlkali. Lunge. Vol.3,page637. JournalSoc.ofChemicalIndustry. 1895.page24.PDF Image | ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
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