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In the 1995 analysis, ethane/propane crackers were less efficient than naphtha/gas oil crackers6. The global average EEI of ethane crackers was 200, while including all propane crackers improves the EEI to 180 (Solomon, 1995). Assuming 40% of U.S. ethylene production had an EEI of 163 and 60% of ethylene production had an EEI of 180, leads to an estimated overall EEI for the U.S. of 173. This matches closely with the EEI of 175 reported for North America. Considering the US product mix (an average ethylene yield of 51-53%), our best estimate of the specific energy consumption would be about 13 GJ/tonne (LHV) of total product (or 13.3 MBtu/ton, HHV). For the U.S. product mix the SEC per tonne of high value chemicals amounts to about 20 GJ (LHV)/tonne, while SEC per tonne of ethylene amounts to 26 GJ (LHV)/tonne of ethylene (HHVs are 19.1 MBtu/ton high value chemicals and 24.8 MBtu/ton ethylene respectively) (Phylipsen et al., 1998b). Figure 5 depicts the estimated average U.S. performance compared to all the plants in the Solomon survey (Solomon, 1995). Table 11 shows the EEI for several regions with the U.S. included in ‘North America’. The U.S. accounts for about 85% of the ethylene capacity in North America. The Solomon survey covers on average about 70% of the plants worldwide, with somewhat higher coverage in the U.S. and Europe, and somewhat lower in Asia. Figure 5. The relative performance of the US ethylene plants. 6 There is no specific reason why ethane/propane crackers are less efficient than liquid crackers. The observed difference may be caused by the fact that the highest share of liquid crackers are generally located in more efficient countries (such as Japan, South Korea, Germany, The Netherlands). Factors that are likely to play a role are the higher feedstock price for naphtha/gas oil (per tonne of ethylene produced) and the generally higher energy prices in these countries. 13 1PDF Image | Energy use and energy intensity
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