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SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL 2.1 ELECTROLYSER TECHNOLOGIES The principle of water electrolysis is simple, yet it allows the construction of different technological variations based on various physicalchemical and electrochemical aspects. Electrolysers are typically divided into four main technologies. These are distinguished based on the electrolyte and temperature of operation, which in turn will guide the selection of different materials and components. The principles of all commercially available types of electrolysis cells are displayed in Figure 6. Many variations within each technology exist, with most radical differences being related to cell design, variation within components, and degree of technology maturity. Solid oxide and anion exchange membrane (AEM) have high potential, but are much less mature technologies, with only a few companies and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) involved in their manufacture and commercialisation. These are mostly based in Europe. There are four types of electrolyser: Alkaline and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) are already commercial, while anion exchange membrane (AEM) and solid oxide, now at lab scale, promise a major step forward Figure 6. Different types of commercially available electrolysis technologies. Alkaline 4OH- Electrolyte Solution (KOH) Anode: 4OH- ↔ 2H2O+O2+4e- Cathode: 4H2O+4e- ↔ 2H2+4OH- Anion Exchange Membrane Proton Exchange Membrane O2 O2 2H2O Anode H2 2H2 4OH- Cathode O2 + 4H+ Anode 2H2O Anode: 2H2O ↔ O2+4H++4e- Cathode: 4H++4e- ↔ 2H2 2H2 Cathode 4H+ 2H2 + 2O2- Cathode 2H2O DC generator 4e- DC generator 4e- 4OH- 4H2O Solid Oxide DC generator 4e- H+ PEM DC generator 4e- O2 + 2H2O Anode 4OH- 2H2 + 4OH- Cathode 4H2O O2 + 4H+ Anode 2H2O Based on IRENA analysis. Anode: 4OH- ↔2H2O+O2+4e- Cathode: 4H2O+4e-↔2H2+4OH- Anode: 2O2- ↔ O2+ 4e- Cathode: 2H2O+4e- ↔ 2H2+2O2- OH- AEM O2- 31 diaphragm electrode electrode electrode electrode electrode electrode electrode electrodePDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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