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the economies of scale for CCM fabrication via automation over manufacturing, establishing more reliable and less expensive supply-chains for catalysts and membranes, and implementing quality control. If possible, parallel work can be done to reduce the amount of electrocatalysts by re-engineering the electrodes over the membrane. Supply chain for PFSA membranes: For PFSA membranes, various suppliers (e.g. Chemours, Solvay, Asahi-Kasei, 3M and Gore) are available. This is also one of the most solid supply chains for PEM components. Moreover, these membranes have been traditionally supplied at scale for chloroalkali electrolysers, with membranes reaching areas as high as 3 m2. Therefore, significant cost reduction is expected as soon as PEM water electrolysers reach high market volumes. Table 3 shows a list with the main R&D aspects that need to be addressed, so that catalysts, electrodes, and stack components can be transformed and implemented in more advanced PEM electrolyser concepts. Table 3. Proposed activities to improve the performance of PEM electrolysers. 1. Mitigate membrane poisoning/deactivation by foreign elements from components and system 2. Design, create, and integrate forms of recombination catalysts for gas permeation (crossover) 3. Increase catalyst utilisation of anode and cathode catalysts 4. Identify and reduce interface resistances from catalyst layer to PTLs 5. Reduce the ohmic losses and gas permeation of PFSA membranes 6. Improve kinetics for oxygen evolution using iridium-free catalysts and maintain stability comparable to iridium SoA 7. Eliminate mechanical degradation of catalyst layers (delamination, dissolution) 8. Create noble metal free protective layers for PTLs 9. Create titanium free PTLs SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL CHALLENGE Easy Easy Moderate Moderate Difficult Difficult Difficult Difficult BENEFIT Medium Medium High Medium High High Medium High Based on IRENA analysis. Difficult High 61PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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