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GREEN HYDROGEN COST REDUCTION AEM electrolysers In terms of components, the AEM membrane and ionomer are the main and most challenging. In terms of performance, the most critical item is durability, but also conductivity. Research efforts are targeted to finding AEM membranes with desirable properties (high mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, ionic conductivity, and lower permeability with respect to electrons and gases). The polymer backbone is responsible for mechanical and thermal stability. The functional group that transports the OH- anion is accountable for the ion exchange capacity, ionic conductivity, and transport number. The trade-off for AEM is between mechanical stability, ionic conductivity and cost. For instance, the production of commercial AEM that achieves a high mechanical stability and high ionic conductivity is challenging and therefore expensive. There are known chemical strategies to increase the AEM ionic conductivity, but it leads to loss of mechanical strength due to excessive water uptake. The AEM then becomes chemically unstable, which leads to poor ionic conductivity. Another major limitation of an AEM is degradation of the polymer due to KOH attack, which quickly reduces the conductivity of the membrane and ionomer within the catalyst layer. The ionic conductivity of an AEM plays a significant role in the performance of the AEM. Higher levels of ion conductivity allow much higher current densities to be achieved. Tasks to increase efficiency and durability of electrodes and PTLs are analogous to those related to alkaline electrolysers. Table 4 has the key areas in the stack that can lead to the largest performance improvement in AEM electrolysers. Table 4. Proposed activities to improve the performance of AEM electrolysers. CHALLENGE BENEFIT Moderate Medium Moderate Medium Based on IRENA analysis. Difficult 62 1. Development of cost effective PTLs for AEM electrolysers 2. Identify and reduce interface resistances from catalyst layer to PTLs 3. Control the oxidized state of electrocatalysts on the oxygen side (anode) 4. Reducing the ohmic losses and gas permeation of AEM membranes 5. Improve kinetics for hydrogen and oxygen evolution and maintain long-term stability Moderate Moderate Medium High Moderate High 6. Increase AEM membrane durability 7. Eliminate mechanical degradation of catalyst layers (delamination, dissolution) and improve ionomer/catalyst binding properties Difficult High HighPDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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