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Solid oxide electrolysers The potential for this technology lies in its higher efficiency, while its main challenge is durability. Some of the areas to focus on are: the improvement of electrolyte conductivity, optimisation of chemical and mechanical stability, matching the thermal expansion coefficient to both electrodes, and ensuring minimal reactant crossover. State-of-the-art electrolytes used in these cells have already exhibited remarkable conductivity for stack operation for thousands of hours, but the degradation of the electrolyte (which translates into a reduction in performance) is still of high importance for research. Structural changes within the electrolyte accelerate the formation of voids within its structure, increasing electrolyte resistance. Moreover, electrolyte also reacts with vaporised water and forms volatile products such as nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) that alsodeactivatesit. As for the other electrolysis technologies, electrodes used for solid oxide stacks are key components, and many key properties are required to provide high efficiency and durability. Table 5 provides a list of challenges and their respective ranking related to future R&D tasks to improve them, both to reach higher efficiency and durability. Table 5. Proposed activities to improve the performance of solid oxide electrolysers. 1. Stabilise the chemical structure and compatibility of the electrodes 2. Control the oxidation state of electrocatalysts on the oxygen side (anode) or nickel agglomeration SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL 3. Increase the electro catalytic activity of electrodes at lower temperatures 4. Solve challenges related to lanthanum manganite (LSM) or lanthanum ferrite (LSF) delamination from electrolyte 5. Improve kinetics for hydrogen and oxygen evolution and maintain long-term stability 6. Eliminate or reduce contamination issues related to silicon dioxide (SiO2) dissolution from stack sealants 7. Eliminate thermal instability issues caused by an expansion coefficient mismatch between electrolytes and electrodes 8. Scaling up of stack components towards larger stack MW units Based on IRENA analysis. CHALLENGE Moderate Moderate Moderate Difficult Difficult BENEFIT Medium Moderate Medium Low High Difficult High Medium Difficult High High 63PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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