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SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL 3.3 MATERIALS: USE, BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS Critical materials are mostly a limitation for PEM. The anode side is subject to a high potential for oxidising (> 1.4V) and not many materials can provide long-term operation under these conditions. Because of this, iridium – a scarce material – is used and the PTL requires significant amounts of titaniumbased (i.e. expensive) materials, coated with platinum. Although other options are available, platinum is used for the cathode, although tantalum seems to be a promising alternative for the coating. Titanium components are also responsible for the high costs of PEM, but this is mostly related to the expense of manufacturing titanium components, and less related to the raw cost of titanium. Alkaline electrolysers mostly use nickel to resist the highly caustic environment. Some designs derived from the chlor-alkali industry include platinum and cobalt. For alkaline water electrolysis designs optimised for green hydrogen production, however, we have commercial examples available today that do not use these materials. Platinum and iridium, used in PEM, are two of the scarcest, most energy-intensive and emission-intensive metals (see Figure 23). Figure 23. 1 000 000 100 000 10 000 1 000 100 10 1 Global warming potential and cumulative energy demand for critical materials used in electrolysers. Source: Nuss and Matthew, 2014. Pt Co Ni Ir Ta Gd Zr La Ce Y Critical materials used for electrolysers kgCO2-eq /kg of metal MJeq /kg of metal 67 Lifecycle global warming potential and cumulative energy demandPDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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