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GREEN HYDROGEN COST REDUCTION Platinum use is currently about 1g/kW (FCH JU, 2019). At the same time, primary platinum production is in the order of 200 tonnes per year (t/year)18 with about 20% more coming from the recycling of catalytic reformers in cars and electronic equipment. Two factors that further increase this number are the potential recycling of the platinum used by the industry and the expected decrease in platinum content, over time. These two factors are discussed further below. In the hypothetical case of using the entire production of platinum for electrolysers, this would support the deployment of 200GW per year (GW/year). Considering a lifetime of at least ten years and full recycling of platinum from decommissioned stacks, this pace of deployment would support the deployment of 2 000 GW in the next decade and 4 000 GW by the 2030s. Combined with the planned reduction of platinum requirements in PEM electrolysers, this will further reduce the risk of material supply bottlenecks. To avoid becoming a barrier to l arge-scale deployment, all the alkaline designs need to transition a platinum and cobalt free designs and platinum and iridium in PEM needs to be significantly reduced Iridium use is currently about 1-2.5g/kW. Global iridium production is about 7-7.5t/year (Garside, 2019), which would support the deployment of 3-7.5 GW/year or 30-75 GW of electrolyser capacity in the next decade, reflecting the criticality of reducing iridium content rapidly and significantly. Additionally, platinum and iridium are two of the most carbon and energy intensive materials in the electrolysers (see Figure 23). Platinum production emits about 12.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide (tCO2 -eq) per kilo of metal. This translates into about 0.01 kg CO2 -eq /kg H219 , which is relatively small compared to the electricity input (only 10 grammes of CO2 -eq/kWh would be equivalent to 0.5 kg CO2-eq /kg H2). Similarly, platinum production is the most energy intensive among the critical materials in electrolysers with 243 gigajoules per kilo (GJ/kg). Given the high energy consumption of the electrolyser, however, the share of total electricity consumption in the system taken by producing these metals upstream is less than 0.01%. The supply of critical materials in electrolysers is mostly dominated by a few countries (see Figure 24). South Africa supplies over 70% of global platinum and over 85% of global iridium. This would strongly link PEM electrolyser deployment to supply from a few (mainly one) countries, with limited short-term alternatives in sight for replacing these materials for PEM. Solid oxide electrolysers, which have the potential for much higher efficiencies, would also suffer from a similar risk, since almost 95% of the supply for all their critical materials (see Figure 24) currently comes almost exclusively from China. Alkaline electrolysers do use some platinum and cobalt, but there are already commercial designs that do not include these materials and the supply of nickel is more diversified when compared to the other metals. The same applies to AEM, which does not use scarce materials and mostly requires steel and nickel. 68 18 Some 40% of this is used for catalytic converters in cars, so could eventually be available for other uses, as combustion engines are phased out. 19 Assuming a 10-year lifetime, a 50% capacity factor and platinum loading of 1 g/kW.PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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