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GREEN HYDROGEN COST REDUCTION Extension of the use of equipment, or increasing its efficiency: This includes achieving a higher productivity of the stack, which translates into a smaller area (and less material per kilo of hydrogen) or extend the lifetime of the electrolyser (i.e. the same amount of material allocated over greater production). Recycling: There are various methods available for recovering noble metals from electrochemical devices such as fuel cells and electrolysers. These include: hydrometallurgical treatment, transient dissolution, acid process and selective electrochemical dissolution. All of these can be used for platinum in PEM. Further research is needed to estimate the potential benefit of recycling, which could have an impact on large-scale applications. It could also have an impact in creating a parallel recycling industry to recover these materials and would be fundamental in preventing potential materials bottlenecks, as we rapidly scale-up manufacturing. Reducing platinum use is not only beneficial from the perspective of scaling up electrolysers and reducing reliance on critical materials, but also from the perspective of reducing environmental impact. Platinum production dominates in almost all environmental impact categories (e.g. acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation) and its lower use will also result in lower overall impact (Duclos et al., 2017). Implementing these strategies, in combination with the improved electrolyser performance, can ultimately reduce the specific iridium content by 96% and the platinum content by 97.5% (see Table 7). Parallel to this development, the electrode area is expected to increase almost fourfold and the current density by 2.5 times. This means the loading per unit of capacity will not decrease as drastically, but it can still achieve reductions of 70% and 80%, respectively, for iridium and platinum. The electrolyser will also be developed in terms of delivering higher current densities (higher hydrogen production) for the same stack unit, which consequently means less catalyst needed per unit produced. This is an area where the role for innovation will be increasingly important. Large players from the tech scene are getting involved in the context of leveraging their expertise to fight climate change. For instance, Facebook recently started a project focused on using artificial intelligence to find new catalysts to improve the transformation of renewable electricity into hydrogen (Wong, 2020). Table 7. Iridium and platinum loading for PEM electrolysers with increased performance and material reduction strategies. Current density (A/cm2) Electrode area (cm2) Iridium loading (mg/cm2) Iridium loading (g/kW) Platinum loading (mg/cm2) Platinum loading (g/kW) Based on IRENA analysis. TODAY FUTURE 2 5 1 200 5 000 5 0.2 1.3 0.4 2 0.05 0.5 0.1 70PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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