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and operating conditions. Energies 2022, 15, 7397 Thorough research by Dr. Modestov’s group showed for 50 cm2 membrane-electrode assembly of hydrogen-bromate flow battery 0.74 W cm−2 power density was reached at the cell voltage 0.7 V while catholyte utilization rate was 0.93 in a single pass through membrane-electrode assembly, see Figures 3 and 4 [145,153]. As a result, based on the Figure 3. Evolution of hydrogen bromate hybrid flow batteries: Single flow cell (a–c): current high-grade assessments one can conclude that such a system can be of interest to break through the challenging issues in conventional batteries 10 of 20 Figure 3. Evolution of hydrogen bromate hybrid flow batteries: Single flow cell (a–c): current den- density I ~ 1.0 A cm−2, power density P ~ 0.7 W cm−2, stack (d): I ~ 0.6 A cm−2, power density P ~ sity I ~ 1.0 A cm-2, power density P ~ 0.7 W cm-2, stack (d): I ~ 0.6 A cm-2, power density P ~ 0.3 W 0.3 W cm−2 [144,152–154]. cm-2 [145,153–155]. 3.4. Zinc-Based Halogen Hybrid Flow Batteries Recalling the high price of vanadium electrolyte, which exceeds USD$ 80/kW h [155,156], one can consider the solid or gaseous phase for positive or negative or even both electrode reactions in the conventional flow battery to switch to the hybrid one. Among hybrid flow systems at the hearing are those based on metal electrodeposition and redox reactions of halogen solution, e.g., zinc-bromine hybrid flow battery, where the reduction of bromine to bromide at the cathode is accompanied by anodic oxidation of metallic zinc. In this case, the reagents are stored in the form of a bromine aqueous solution and a solid zinc coating obtained by galvanization on the surface of the conductive electrode. Zinc in its pure metal form demonstrated the most enticing energy capacity thanks to its volumetric value (6 Ah cm−3) and high cathodic potential in aqueous solution both in alkaline conditions with −1.29 V vs. SHE or acidic one with −0.76 V vs. SHE [157,158]. Among the other metals suitable for electrodeposition processes in hybrid flow systems the first fiddle plays lead, manganese, iron and chromium. All of them are below 4 $ kg−1 since are widely deposited in the earth’s core and play important role in the mining industry [159,160]. One can note the more than twice lower price of the electrolyte for zinc-based system (~40 per kW h) vs. sulfuric vanadium one and the most enticing organic electrolyte based on the TEMPO and viologen derivatives—both well above 80 $ per kW h [10]. Moreover, these batteries share the advantages of high voltage and good reversibility, while using low-cost and abundant active materials [161]. The zinc-bromine battery allows the use of only two reservoirs (for electrolytes) and demonstrates energy capacity compara- ble to lead-acid batteries [162–171]. Nevertheless, bromine is hazardous and needs to be stored in a special way with sequestering agents or in systems with controlled flow, the positive half-cell should be hydrodynamically isolated not only from the negative one but from the external environment to prevent any leak of it [172].PDF Image | Halogen Hybrid Flow Batteries
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