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Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 22 Energies 2022, 15, 7397 11 of 20 Figure 4. Dependence of current density and speciffiic power vs. voltage for a laboratory membrane electrode assembly prototype (see Figure 3a) with an active surface area of 50 cm2 at different acidic electrodeassemblyprototype(seeFigure3a)withanactivesurfaceareaof50cm atdifferentacidic concentrations of the bulk solution: (a) 1 mol L−1 −H12SO4, (b) 0.25 mol L−1 H2−S1O4, (c) 0.1 mol L−1 H2SO−41. concentrations of the bulk solution: (a) 1 mol L H2SO4, (b) 0.25 mol L H2SO4, (c) 0.1 mol L H2SO4. 3.4. Zinc-Based Halogen Hybrid Flow Batteries In spite of the low price of zinc-bromine electrolytes, the necessity of the complex- Recalling the high price of vanadium electrolyte, which exceeds USD$ 80/kW h ing and sequestering agents increases the whole price of the zinc-bromine system up to [156,157], one can consider the solid or gaseous phase for positive or negative or even both 350–400 $ per kW h depending on the required energy capacity and stability making it electrode reactions in the conventional flow battery to switch to the hybrid one. Among poor competitive with the common vanadium flow batteries in terms of LCOS [85,173]. hybrid flow systems at the hearing are those based on metal electrodeposition and redox Moreover, the values of energy capacity in the negative half-cells with zinc electrodes are reactions of halogen solution, e.g., zinc-bromine hybrid flow battery, where the reduction also limited to 500–1000 mA h cm−2. of bromine to bromide at the cathode is accompanied by anodic oxidation of metallic zinc. Less common analogs of zinc-bromine hybrid flow systems are zinc-iodine, zinc- In this case, the reagents are stored in the form of a bromine aqueous solution and a solid chlorine and zinc-cerium batteries [174–177]. Zinc-iodide flow batteries (ZIFBs) offer zinc coating obtained by galvanization on the surface of the conductive electrode. outstanding solubility while the kinetics of the I−/I3− redox couple is rather rapid [178,179].PDF Image | Halogen Hybrid Flow Batteries
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