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1. Introduction 1.1 Energy storage and sustainability The need for renewable energy arises from the realisation that fossil fuel supplies are being rapidly depleted with adverse environmental impacts, coupled with the ever-increasing growth of energy consumption due to the growing global population and the demand for higher standards of living [1, 2]. Renewable energy can be produced through several means – solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal and biomass. The integration of these carbon-free technologies into the electric grid contributes towards a safe, reliable, flexible, affordable and sustainable energy supply which is essential for the continuous development of a modern society [3]. Several countries have recognised the importance of this such as the European Commission who initiated a Renewable Energy Directive for 2020 [4] proposing that 20% of energy consumption in the EU should be derived from renewable sources. This has now been further supplemented by a proposal published in 2016 for the share of energy consumption by renewables to be increased to 27% by 2030 [5]. Likewise, China’s National Energy Administration (NEA) has set an ambitious target for 50% of energy consumption in China to be generated by renewable sources by 2020 [6]. In spite of this, the generation of energy from renewable sources is problematic as energy produced is usually in the form of secondary energy [7] making matching energy supply to demand a complex issue. An Energy Storage System (ESS) is recommended as a viable solution to the intermittency of renewable energy generation [8-10] and seasonal consumer demand as it absorbs the surplus generation capacity, smooths residual loads and provides flexibility for energy balance [11]. There are several ESS technologies which are near to, or currently, commercially available such as pumped-hydro, compressed air, flywheel and rechargeable battery systems. These systems have been reviewed [12-17] in detail based on 4PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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