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Regarding the choice of separator, low cost, non-selective, microporous separators are common, such as porous polyethylene (e.g., DaramicTM) [64, 65, 88] and acetone-based polymers [89]. The main function of the separator is to avoid bromine diffusion to the Zn electrode, as this causes self-discharge of the battery. In the worst case, at 40 °C with a flowing electrolyte, the self-discharge rate can reach 2.3% charge capacity per hour [90]. More expensive ion exchange membranes are also suitable and have been studied since the earliest developments, e.g., NafionTM [91], or AsahiTM [67]. Membranes based on chloromethylated polysulfone functionalized with trimethylamine groups have been claimed to be particularly suitable [92] and a carbon-coated membrane (in the positive half-cell side) has been considered [93]. In contrast to other RFBs, the literature on separators for the Zn-Br2 system is scarce. The Zn-Br2 system has been described in a book chapter by Butler et al. [52] and an encyclopaedia article [44]. A book by Rajarathnam and Vasallo [94] considers some aspects of the battery, including the Zn electrodeposition reaction and the bromine electrode process from the perspective of ionic liquids as well as strategies for further development. The electrochemical engineering characteristics of the devices and their critical importance for high performance were not discussed. Other academic studies have considered miniaturized Zn-Br2 flow cells [95] and cage-like porous carbon materials [96]. 2.1 The zinc negative electrode The negative electrode process involves the cyclic electrodeposition and dissolution of Zn. As explained below, electrolyte additives are used to help control the deposit morphology. 12PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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