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Asia and Australia. New developments in electrode materials, such as composites carbon nanotubes [78, 107], and electrolyte materials [115] have been proposed to increase the efficiency. There are still many challenges, including electrode manufacture, reversibility of each electrode (especially at the Zn electrode due to phase changes), bromine retention in order to avoid leakages and maintain effective health and safe operating conditions. Despite its challenges, the Zn-Br2 RFB has reached industrial scale and been commercialised by several companies. Notwithstanding the potential of the Zn-Br2 battery to serve as a model system for simulation due to its highly reversible reactions, relatively few papers have been published on mathematical modelling, since early work in the 1980’s by Evans et al. [116]. This early paper revised various types of models that include material balance, migration, current and potential distributions, shunt currents and associated energy losses, energy efficiency predictions. Other simulations of faradaic efficiency [117] and current distribution [118] have been published, but are now out of date. Recently, a conference on simulation has focused the crossover of bromine ions [119]. Advances in computational modelling and CFD simulations offer the opportunity to develop full working models to routinely predict (and improve) the effect of construction and operational variables on the performance of the Zn-Br2. 3. Zinc-cerium redox flow batteries The Zn-Ce RFB benefits from the high positive standard potential of the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox couple and is made possible by the ample solubility of cerium ions in methanesulfonic acid solutions [120]. This battery was introduced in 2004 in a US Patent application [55], as a logical spin-off to the routine industrial generation of Ce(IV) oxidant for mediated 19PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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