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considered. Ambitious attempts to simply construct and improve membrane potential drops using an undivided, single compartment cell have been described [60, 156]. The performance of a small flow cell under various charge/discharge regimes and operational conditions has been described [41]. In this divided RFB, the two half-cells were separated by a Nafion 115 proton exchange membrane. A stack of four Pt/Ti meshes and a carbon/polyvinylester composite were used as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The positive electrolyte was 1.5 mol dm–3 Zn2+ in 1.0 mol dm–3 CH3SO3H and the negative electrolyte was 0.8 mol dm–3 Ce(III) + 4 mol dm–3 CH3SO3H. The cell potential during discharge was 1.8 V, for an equivalent energy density of 350 W h kg–1. Higher cell potentials were observed with increasing temperature and electrolyte mean linear flow rate. The cell could operate at current densities up to 80 mA cm–2 showing current efficiencies of up to 75% and voltage efficiencies up to 60%. The negative electrode limits the performance of the cell due to the occurrence of H2 evolution, which is aggravated over multiple cycles. The proton transport through the membrane results in the progressive acidification of the negative electrolyte and enhances the rate of the parasitic reaction. In a study of catalysts for the cerium redox reaction, the use of planar Pt-based electrodes, in contrast to the 3-D porous Pt/Ti meshes [155], was shown to be less suitable for the battery. At a current density of 10 mA cm–2, the observed current efficiencies for various Pt-based catalysts supported on a rotating disc electrode were between 71% and 83% while the energy efficiencies were between 62% and 71%. In order to tackle this problem and avoid the different concentrations of acid in the two half- cells, an undivided RFB was proposed by the same group [60, 156]. Such a system eliminates the need for the costly membrane and simplifies the electrolyte flow circuit. This flow cell 26PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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