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used carbon felt as the positive electrode and was operated at current densities between 20 and 80 mA cm–2. During charge/discharge cycles at 20 mA cm–2, the battery showed a charge efficiency of 82% and an energy efficiency of 72%. However, the carbon felt electrodes suffered from degradation and the corrosion of the Zn deposits was enhanced by Ce(IV) ions. The concentration of cerium ions (and the capacity of the battery) was also limited in the single electrolyte, as high levels of methanesulfonic acid encourage profuse H2 evolution at the negative electrode. The cell potential components of a divided Zn-Ce unit cell have been considered in order to simulate the effects of the measured electrolyte conductivity and interelectrode gap at increasing discharge current density [157]. It is unfortunate that such data is not readily available for other RFBs. The conductivity and stability of several electrolyte compositions were measured and used in a simple mathematical model of the cell potential. It was concluded that porous electrodes are required in order to reduce the local current density at the positive electrodes, while the electrode-membrane gap in the negative half-cell should be kept under 3 mm. Recently, the volumetric mass transport coefficient, kmAe, of diverse porous Pt/Ti electrodes for the Zn-Ce RFB has been investigated as an electrode performance factor [59]. It has been shown that planar electrodes are unsuitable as positive electrodes in this system due to the significant potential losses resulting from limited mass transport and electrode area. On the other hand, Pt/Ti micromesh and Pt/Ti felt electrodes outperformed the previously used meshes. The limiting current for the reduction of Ce(IV) ions at these structures represented up to 63 and 160 times that achieved at the planar electrodes, respectively. Furthermore, the measured values of kmAe were described as a function of linear flow velocity and the authors 27PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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