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noted that such figures can be used to approximate the required electrodes dimensions for a desired potential drop in the cell and/or a determined fractional conversion of the electroactive species. Figure 11 shows the charge-discharge profile of a Zn-Ce unit cell employing a Pt/Ti felt as positive electrode and a graphitised fluorocarbon carbon-composite as negative electrode at a constant current density of 20 mA cm–2 [158]. The cell failed after 22 cycles due to the imbalance in the state of charge of the positive and negative compartments. The low efficiency of Zn deposition and redissolution prevented the simultaneous conversion of the cerium electrolyte during the same period of time, resulting in increasingly high concentrations of Ce(IV). Recently, Yu and Manthiram [159] have developed a conceptual divided Zn-Ce cell using a Na3Zr2Si2PO12 solid electrolyte, which enables the zinc reaction to take place in alkaline environment, instead of the usual methanesulfonic acid solution. Since the separator is a sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON), the supporting positive and negative electrolytes were Na2SO4 and NaOH, respectively, limiting the concentration of Ce(IV) ions to 0.1 mol dm–3. The device, which has a high open-circuit potential (2.7 V) compared to other Zn-Ce RFBs, endured 50 charge/discharge cycles at 2 mA cm–2. In view of the possibility of preventing the parasitic H2 evolution and the self-discharge via zinc corrosion, more research can be expected, particularly on the implementation of concentrated cerium methanesulfonate electrolytes and on the scale-up suitability of NASICON separators. 3.4 Prospects for zinc-cerium redox flow batteries In spite of the early commercial interest and capital investment devoted to the Zn-Ce RFB, the system has not yet passed scale-up tests and, therefore, it remains at the laboratory development stage. Significant advances have been achieved in the selection of electrode 28PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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