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Additives to the electrode can be applied as surface coatings or be incorporated in the preparation of the paste or pellet electrodes. For instance, a thin layer of Al2O3 was found to not only suppress H2 evolution but also to maintain discharge capacity extending cycle life in a 9 mol dm-3 KOH electrolyte [174]. The use of pasted electrodes based on a mixture of zinc powder, 4% PTFE, up to 10% cellulose and 2% PbO (mass percentage) in a Zn-air battery has been described [175]. Such electrodes accounted for a modest extension of achieved number of cycles. A subsequent study [176] on the addition of cellulose and PbO to the electrode demonstrated that cellulose was more effective in ensuring a uniform morphology. Furthermore, the use of zinc alloys incorporating inhibitors as negative electrodes, e.g., Zn0.9Ni0.075In0.025 [87], has been shown to decrease the formation of dendrites as well as the parasitic reaction rate. The influence of mass transport on Zn morphology in KOH solution was investigated [177], and flow described by Reynolds number and current densities was found to relate to morphology. In the laminar regime, dendrites decreased with higher flow rates, while compact deposits were achieved in turbulent flow regime. Ito et al. [178] showed that a flow rate over 15 cm s–1 helped to improve the cycle life of a zinc negative electrode even at high charge rates as the velocity of the flow encouraged the growth of the dendrites in the same direction, thus prolonging the time till the system short-circuited. A plate-and-frame filter-press, refuellable Zn-air fuel cell [179] with specially designed anode flow channels in two different orientations and assemblies suggested that both aspects of design were important in controlling electrolyte flux and therefore zinc dendrite formation and H2 evolution. Other dendritic growth suppression strategies have been investigated. For instance, a regenerative Zn-air fuel cell designed by Smedley et al. [180] demonstrated that the dendrite 32PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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