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formation could be controlled by reducing the presence of negative electrode or increasing the presence of positive electrode in zones more prone to dendrite formation, i.e., modified electrode frames. Meanwhile, Parker et al. [181] fabricated a three-dimensional zinc sponge electrode which remained dendrite free after being cycled to 188 mA h g–1 (Zn) in an Ag/Zn cell. Subsequently, Yan et al. [182] designed a Zn/Cu three dimensional foam electrode which gave a specific capacity up to 620 mA h g–1 (Zn) after 9000 cycles in a Zn-Ni battery. Pulsed current for the control of zinc electrodeposition in KOH electrolytes was reported by Shaigan et al. [183], proving more effective when using high frequencies and more diluted solutions. Numerical models of zinc electrodeposition have also been developed for these cells [184]. In this way, the interplay between mass transport, changing surface roughness, and operational conditions has been studied, showing that, although adequate flow rates can minimize the generation of dendrites, gas evolution decreases the overall efficiency of the device. The formation mechanism of zinc dendrites was further investigated using an electrochemical phase-field model in a rechargeable three electrode configuration altering factors such as pulsating current and electrolyte flux to effectively suppress dendrite formation and propagation [185]. Three-dimensional models are useful in understanding and determining the variables controlling and affecting the growth and propagation of zinc dendrites. 4.2 The oxygen positive electrode Oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution take place more efficiently at GDEs at low current densities and minimal overpotentials. Typical electrode materials based on carbon paper coated with a precious metal oxide catalyst supported on carbon particles have shown limited stability [56, 186-194] and efforts have been directed towards developing alternative inexpensive catalysts. In acidic systems, bifunctional catalysts are commonly precious metals 33PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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