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with Pt or Ir or mixed oxides of Rh, Ru or Ir. In alkaline electrolytes, there is a more extensive range of catalysts available – precious metals, mixed metal oxides, manganese dioxide and complexes. So far, however, there is not enough research carried out on the practical use of such bifunctional catalysts in Zn-air flow-cell systems at high current densities and long-term cycling tests. There are electrodes which do not comprise any carbon components [195-197], however these were developed for fuel cell technology and have not been validated to withstand the conditions of O2 evolution. Lee et al. [198] describes a bifunctional positive electrode of Co3O4 nanowire arrays grown on a stainless steel mesh without a binder and placed onto a carbon paper backing. The electrode was cycled in a unit cell with polypropylene membrane as a separator in 6.0 mol dm–3 KOH for over 600 hours at 50 mA cm–2 with a potential difference of about 1 V between the two reactions. Promising results have been reported for bifunctional Zn-air electrodes based on low cost a-MnO2 [199-201] and enzymes such as bilirubin oxidase (BOD) [202]. An example of carbon-free, bifunctional GDEs for O2 reduction/evolution fabricated with nickel components was reported by Li et al. [203]. The electrode consisted of a nickel cobalt oxide spinel catalyst prepared via thermal decomposition. The catalyst layer was coated onto the PTFE-bonded Ni powder layer on a thin foam of the same metal by dip-coating. Later work [204], showed the effects of PTFE and Ni powder content and preparation procedures in such electrodes. The comparative performance of O2 electrodes employing spinel powder and those only coated by the catalyst as a function of current density is given in Figure 12. The suitability of nickel cobalt spinel over cobalt spinels was confirmed by the same group [205], showing also that it is possible to deposit such catalysts on stainless steel cloth. 34PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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