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Recently, the group of Chen at al. [206] has developed bifunctional catalysts based on amorphous iron cobalt oxides and graphene on a nickel foam substrate. A 1 cm x 1 cm Zn-air cell employing these catalysts was able to deliver a peak power density of 86 mW cm−2, enduring 60 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Another challenge in alkaline Zn-air batteries is the progressive absorption of atmospheric CO2 by the electrolyte, which results in the formation of carbonates [207]. Increasing concentrations lead to a faster rate of carbonate precipitation in the electrolyte, clogging the pores of the gas diffusion layer [208, 209]. CO2 filters and chemical scrubbers such as piperazine (PZ) [210] have been shown to be effective in controlling the CO2 concentration. An example of this is a commercial amine adsorbent produced by Oy Hydrocell Ltd. [211], which is capable of removing CO2 from the feed. Few practical Zn-air studies have accounted for this degradation mechanism although this is a well-known disadvantage. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) taken from fuel cell technology can act as a physical barrier, preventing the blockage of the gas channels in the gas diffusion layer as well as leakage of the electrolyte out of the electrode. For a Zn-air battery system, an anion exchange membrane is required. However, the performance and stability of these are not yet comparable to that of cation-exchange membranes [212, 213] and more should be done to improve their properties. Alternative studies [214, 215] describe cells where the reactions for oxygen reduction and evolution are separated and the electrodes can be optimised separately for these reactions by placing an auxiliary electrode either between the positive electrode for discharge and negative electrode or on the opposite side of the negative electrode to give a three electrode 35PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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