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Ex- and in- situ imaging techniques should be applied to the Zn-air rechargeable flow system in order to understand the systematic degradation of both electrodes. For instance Schröder et al. [230], carried out in-situ tomography of the positive electrode of a primary Zn-air battery, showing that mass transport limitations at blocked pores led to shortened lifetime. Later, the same group reported volume changes of the negative electrodes by employing in-situ tomography [231]. X-ray tomography is clearly an indispensable tool for the study of structural changes at the electrodes during charge and discharge. Conversely, a simple one dimensional model of a secondary Zn-air battery developed by Deiss et al. [232] showed that pore plugging was not the main failure mechanism, but rather the depletion of OH- ions in the negative electrolyte at high current density. A well-considered experimental design is hence important to avoid discrepancies in the results. A combination of these techniques could provide valuable insights into cycling effects on the structure and composition of the oxygen electrodes. 5. Zinc-nickel redox flow batteries The Zn-Ni RFB, also known as a ‘flow assisted battery’, is receiving increasing attention as utility scale storage becomes central to the integration of renewable energy sources. Zn-Ni static batteries were invented by Edison in 1901 [47] and were further developed by Drum in Ireland for railway use in the 1930s [233]. In the 1970s, secondary Zn-Ni batteries became commercial and have since been used in portable power tools and several types of vehicles [233], offering an alternative to Ni-Cd batteries. Flow-assisted Zn-Ni batteries were introduced in 2007 with the aim of providing utility scale energy storage [27, 234-238]. 40PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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