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The combination of more than one additive can significantly improve the electrodeposition of zinc and extend the life expectance of batteries. For instance, Wen et al. [171] have shown that a combination of an inorganic and an organic additive can promote the formation of smooth deposits instead of spongy ones, as shown in Figure 14. The efficiency of the battery was also improved. Their electrolyte contained a mixture of 1.0 × 10–4 mol dm–3 Pb2+ and 5.0 × 10–5 mol dm–3 Bu4N+. Although lead is present in small concentrations, alternatives are preferred due to environmental considerations. Organic additives such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyethylenimine, quaternary ammonium salts, and cellulose have received consideration [240, 243]. These additives are adsorbed selectively at sites undergoing fast electrodeposition, which results in compact deposits with finer grain sizes. Additives can be incorporated within the electrode material itself for instance, Müller et al. [175] have prepared pasted electrodes for the Zn-air battery, containing 10% w.t. cellulose, 4% PTFE and 2% PbO. Similar cellulose additives could prove advantageous to the Zn-Ni system. Such cellulose additives promote deposit nucleation and produce a hydrophilic surface, which results in significant increments in electrode stability and power capacity. The effect of adding iron to the zinc electrode substrate was investigated by Kwak et al. in a stirred batch cell [251]. They compared a ZnO electrode consisting of nano scale rods 20 nm × 40 nm in size with a ZnO/Fe electrode using the same ZnO rods and a 1% addition of spherical Fe particles about 15 nm in diameter. It is reported that the ZnO/Fe battery displayed an improved capacity of 230 mA h g–1 over 40 cycles at 30 mA cm–2. The addition of iron also suppressed dendritic formation due to the decreased direct contact between the deposited zinc crystals in the presence of Fe2+. 44PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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