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Controlled electrolyte flow in Zn-Ni RFBs, is also an effective approach to suppressing dendrite growth and shape change of the zinc electrode. For instance, by combining a low current density of 20 mA cm–2 and a mean linear electrolyte flow rate of 15 cm s–1, Ito et al. [178] were able to sustain the operation of their laboratory cell for over 1,500 cycles. Further work [234], showed that higher mass transport rates were also beneficial to the efficiency of the device, as they reduced gas evolution. The same authors have investigated the variation in zinc morphology in terms of a current density ratio, defined as the ratio of effective current density to limiting current density [252]. The limiting current density is found by equation (11), where n is the electron stoichiometry, F is the Faraday constant, D is the diffusion coefficient of zinc ions, C0 is the bulk concentration, de is the hydraulic diameter and Sh is the Sherwood number. They found that a current density ratio below 0.4 produced mossy and porous deposits, while a ratio above 0.9 produced compact, crystalline deposits. Between 0.4 and 0.9, the deposits obtained were a mixture of these morphologies. 𝑖./0 = 23456 𝑆h (11) 78 The effect of various negative electrode substrates on zinc deposition morphology and stability was studied by Wei et al. [253]. The substrates investigated were silver, bismuth, copper, iron, nickel and antimony and the corrosion behaviour of the resultant zinc depositions was analysed in a 9 mol dm–3 KOH electrolyte. It was found that zinc deposition on nickel substrates tended to be mossy and porous, and prone to corrosion due to increased H2 evolution. The deposition of zinc on bismuth, copper and tin substrates was of a compact crystalline morphology. However, the antimony substrate was prone to corrosion in alkaline 45PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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