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media over extended periods of time. It was suggested that bismuth and copper substrates are most suitable due to the resistance to corrosion and compact zinc morphology. A way to prevent short circuiting of the cell due to dendritic growth and shape change consists of performing periodic reconditioning cycles [57]. During these cycles, the zinc deposits in the negative electrodes are completely removed by discharging the cell at low current densities (to minimize H2 evolution) until the cell potential reaches 0 V. It is claimed that a Zn-Ni cell endured more than 2,000 charge/discharge cycles free of short-circuiting by implementing this method. Suitable electrode materials, i.e., not corroding or passivating during the stripping cycles, must be employed. 5.2 The nickel positive electrode This electrode reaction benefits from decades of research on Ni-Cd batteries [42]. The technology for its manufacture can be readily transferred. The mass of active material in the electrode and its surface area determine the capacity of the Zn-Ni battery. Two methods are usually applied to the commercial manufacture of nickel electrodes: a) sintered nickel and b) pasted nickel. The latter have higher porosity, lower density and lower cost but also shorter life expectancies due to limited use of the active material and swelling. As a result, the more expensive sintered type is usually preferred. These electrodes are prepared by subjecting carbonyl nickel powered to a thermal treatment, which produces a porous structure that can be later impregnated with nickel hydroxide. The group of Zhang et al. [238, 254-259] has applied sintered nickel electrodes to undivided Zn-Ni RFBs. They have shown that enhanced performance can be achieved by implementing serpentine flow channels in the positive electrode, which decreases mass transport limitations. 46PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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