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to the blocking of electrode pores by either ZnO/Zn(OH) discharge reaction products or hydrogen gas, with the latter not being expelled from the electrode structure due to the low wettability of the polymeric materials. Polycarbonate, however, showed significant augmentation of electrode cycle life at concentrations of up to 20%, with the cycle life being almost tripled compared to plain zinc electrodes at concentrations of 10% or less. This is due to the high permeability of the polycarbonate electrodes, which allowed full utilisation of the deposited zinc during discharge and prevented the blocking of electrode pores. Sun et al. [69] investigated high density polyethylene (HDPE)-carbon composite electrodes with carbon black or MWCNT to provide conductivity, in volume fractions of 19% and 15% respectively. Despite the lower concentration of MWCNT it was found that the bulk conductivity of this electrode was four times that of the carbon black electrode, due to the higher conductivity of MWCNT compared with carbon black particles. However, the surface conductivity of the MWCNT electrode suffered significant variations due to the heterogeneous nanotube dispersions in the composite. This results in varying potentials across the electrode surface, and causes the uneven deposition of zinc during charging. The development of methods to provide a homogenous distribution of nanotubes in this type of electrode would overcome this issue. Ghazvini et al. [285] have reported on a zinc polymer electrode containing polystyrene spheres 600 nm in diameter. The electrode was produced by deposition of the polystyrene spheres onto a polished brass substrate to form a hexagonal closed packed structure. Zinc metal is then electrodeposited onto the substrate, filling the voids between the polystyrene spheres. By forcing the zinc to adhere to the structure defined by the polystyrene spheres, 55PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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