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dendritic growth is avoided. However, the reported coulombic efficiency is low at ca. 70%, and the deposited zinc was often insufficiently adherent to the substrate. 7.2 Ionic liquid electrolytes Ionic liquids, or molten salts, have a number of potential advantages as electrolytes over traditional aqueous solutions due to their low volatility and wide range of electrochemical stability (up to 6 V) [286]. These advantages include the prevention of zinc dendrite formation, H2 evolution and self-discharge due to the solubility of zinc. In addition, ionic liquids can overcome the problems of electrolyte evaporation and CO2 absorption associated with open systems utilising aqueous solutions, such as Zn-air batteries. However, ionic liquids suffer from relatively low conductivity, being an order of magnitude or lower than in aqueous electrolytes. Many ionic liquids have sufficiently low melting points to be liquid at room temperature making them feasible electrolytes for battery systems operating at ambient temperature. Such substances are termed room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and are most often based on quaternary ammonium salts or cyclic amines, although RTILs based on sulfonium and phosphonium cations also exist [286]. Recently, several papers have proposed the use of ionic liquid-based electrolytes in various zinc negative battery systems, mainly focusing on the electrodeposition morphology of zinc from ionic liquids. Keist et al. [287], for example, investigated the electrodeposition of zinc from a 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate electrolyte with 0.34 mol dm−3 zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate, while Liu et al. [288] conducted a similar study using a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate electrolyte with 0.1 mol dm−3 Zn(TfO)2 and 0.015 mol dm−3 Ni(TfO)2. Both groups reported a compact zinc deposition morphology comprising of co-aligned hexagonal platelets at current efficiencies of around 56PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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